Conjugated linoleic acids: Physiological effects in animal and man with special regard to body composition

Jahreis, Gerhard; Kraft, Jana; Tischendorf, F. W.; Schöne, F.; Loeffelholz, Christian von

doi:10.1002/1438-9312(200011)102:11<695::aid-ejlt695>3.0.co;2-j

Cited by 58 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…For instance, a portion of the trans-11 C18:1 isomer produced by ruminal microbes is converted to cis-9, trans-11 C18:2 by a tissue desaturase (17). The cis-9, trans-11 C18:2, commonly known as rumenic acid, has been identified as a potent anticarcinogen and modulator of body composition (18). Changes in composition of ruminant diets can alter the ratio of trans monoenes produced in the rumen.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isomerization of stable isotopically labeled elaidic acid to cis and trans monoenes by ruminal microbes

Proell

Mosley

Powell

et al. 2002

Journal of Lipid Research

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A previous study showed that oleic acid was converted by mixed ruminal microbes to stearic acid and also converted to a multitude of trans octadecenoic acid isomers. This study traced the metabolism of one of these trans C18:1 isomers upon its incubation with mixed ruminal microbes. Unlabeled and labeled (18-[ 13 C] trans -9 C18:1) elaidic acid were each added to four in vitro batch cultures with three cultures inoculated with mixed ruminal bacteria and one uninoculated culture. Samples were taken at 0, 12, 24, and 48 h and analyzed for 13 C enrichment in component fatty acids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. At 0 h of incubation, enrichment was detected only in elaidic acid. By 48 h of incubation, 13 C enrichment was 18% ( P Ͻ 0.01) for stearic acid, 7% to 30% ( P Ͻ 0.01) for all trans C18:1 isomers having double bonds between carbons six through 16, and 5% to 10% for cis -9 and cis -11 monoenes. After 48 h, 13 C enrichment in the uninoculated cultures was only detected in the added elaidic acid. This study shows t rans fatty acids exposed to active ruminal cultures are converted to stearic acid but also undergo enzymic isomerization yielding a multitude of positional and geometric isomers. Anaerobic bacteria that colonize the rumen, or largest of the four stomach compartments in ruminant species, carry on a process of lipid biohydrogenation whereby double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids are partially or completely eliminated. Linoleic acid disappeared completely by 50 h when incubated with mixed ruminal microorganisms (1). As linoleic acid disappeared, transient increases in a number of trans diene isomers were seen, followed by the accumulation of trans -11 C18:1. During the later hours of incubation, the trans -11 C18:1 declined slowly and was accompanied by an increase in stearic acid concentration (1).Oleic acid biohydrogenation is generally presented as a direct conversion to stearic acid without the formation of trans intermediates (1, 2). When 13 C-labeled oleic acid was incubated with ruminal microorganisms in a recent study (3), enrichment was observed not only in stearic acid but also in all trans C18:1 isomers having double bonds at carbon positions six through 16. However, the fate of these positional isomers of trans -C18:1 is not clear. Trans -11 C18:1 is readily converted to stearic acid by select ruminal bacteria (4), but its conversion to other trans monenes has not been reported.Kemp et al. (5) incubated cis ( cis -2 and cis -4 to cis -13) and trans ( trans -2 and trans -5 to trans -13) octadecenoic acid isomers with a rumen Fusocillus species. They wanted to test the ability of Fusocillus to hydrogenate the octadecenoic acids to stearic acid. Cis -5 to cis -13 and trans -5 to trans -13 isomers were all hydrogenated to some extent by late log-phase cultures incubated for 3 h. Between 73% and 79% of cis -5 to cis -11 isomers were converted to stearic acid. However, cis -12 (30%) and cis -13 (5%) were poorly hydrogenated. Of the trans isomers, 45% of trans -8, trans -9, and tr...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isomerization of stable isotopically labeled elaidic acid to cis and trans monoenes by ruminal microbes

Proell

Mosley

Powell

et al. 2002

Journal of Lipid Research

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“…Numerous animal feeding trials have been carried out using different species and breeds aiming at bringing the polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid (P/S) ratio of meat closer to the recommended value (>0.7), as well as for the n-6/n-3 ratio (<5). Besides the beneficial effects of PUFA for human health (see recent reviews of Connor, 2000;Williams, 2000), the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers, in particular c9t11CLA and t10c12CLA, have received much attention for their health promoting effects (see recent reviews of Jahreis et al, 2000;Pariza et al, 2000Pariza et al, , 2001Roche et al, 2001). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of dietary fatty acids on incorporation of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid in lamb, beef and pork meat: a review

Raes

Smet

Demeyer

2004

Animal Feed Science and Technology

542

371

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Inspired by the health conscious consumer, several studies in meat producing domesticated animals have been completed that have aimed at increasing the polyunsaturated fatty acid content, and in particular the n-3 or -3 long chain fatty acids, as well as the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in intramuscular fat of beef, lamb and pork meat. Increasing the n-3 content in animal meats can be achieved by including fish oil/fish meal in the diet (i.e. rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), linseed (oil) and/or forages (i.e. rich in linolenic acid (LNA)). Diets rich in LNA result in an increased level of LNA, EPA and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) in the meat, while in most cases no effect on intramuscular DHA level was observed. Increasing DHA contents in meat was mainly achieved when fish oil/fish meal was included in the animals diet. In most studies, an increased n-3 content in the intramuscular fat was accompanied with a decreased n-6 deposition, mainly due to a lower n-6 dietary supply between the treatments. This resulted in a more favourable n-6/n-3 ratio in the meat while the polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid (P/S) ratio was less affected.Attempts to increase the intramuscular c9t11CLA content was accomplished by feeding ruminants n-3 rich diets (linseed either or not in combination with grass (silage)), fish oil or high concentrate diets rich in linoleic acid (LA). The c9t11CLA content in beef and lamb meat varied between 0.2 and 1.0 g/100 g of total fatty acids and was not increased to a high extent by nutri- Raes et al. / Animal Feed Science and Technology 113 (2004) 199-221 tional factors. In contrast, including CLA-oils consisting of several CLA isomers in the diet of monogastrics markedly increased the intramuscular CLA content.

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“…The positive effects of CLA originating from studies in animal models are currently being tested in clinical human trials [1,4,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Commercially available CLA products are manufactured by alkaline isomerization from vegetable oils [4]. These synthetic mixtures consist of several isomers of CLA of which the cis-9, trans-11 configuration is considered to have the highest biological activity [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of conjugated linoleic acid by Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii

Rainio

Vahvaselkä

Suomalainen

et al. 2002

Lait

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-The kinetics of linoleic acid isomerization to conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) by Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS was studied in pH-controlled batch and fedbatch fermentations. In batch fermentations supplemented with 600-2 000 µg . mL -1 linoleic acid, the rate of CLA formation was highest during the exponential phase of growth. By the end of the batch fermentations, high amounts of CLA corresponding to 80-87% conversion were accumulated with initial linoleic acid concentrations up to 2 000 µg . mL -1 . In fed-batch fermentations, where 600 µg . mL -1 linoleic acid was added into the culture after exponential growth, a rapid but short conversion period occurred. Thus, both actively growing and non-growing cultures were able to effectively form CLA. However, the production rates per cell were significantly higher in growing cultures. This isomerization reaction could be a detoxification system for linoleic acid in the propionibacterium strain studied.

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Conjugated linoleic acids: Physiological effects in animal and man with special regard to body composition

Cited by 58 publications

References 39 publications

Isomerization of stable isotopically labeled elaidic acid to cis and trans monoenes by ruminal microbes

Isomerization of stable isotopically labeled elaidic acid to cis and trans monoenes by ruminal microbes

Effect of dietary fatty acids on incorporation of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid in lamb, beef and pork meat: a review

Production of conjugated linoleic acid by Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii

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