Conjugated Microporous Polymers for Heterogeneous Catalysis

Zhou, Yun‐Bing; Zhan, Zhuang‐Ping

doi:10.1002/asia.201701107

Cited by 125 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…The development of heterogeneous catalysts with permanent and well‐defined porosity is one of the main goals of research in the field of catalysis. The Porous Polymer Catalysts, PPCs, represent a new, interesting and promising subclass of such heterogeneous catalysts . The PPCs are insoluble and non‐swellable polymers containing permanent pores in the size range of micropores and in some cases also mesopores and the catalytically active centers as the part of the micro/mesoporous surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Porous Polymer Catalysts, PPCs, represent a new, interesting and promising subclass of such heterogeneous catalysts. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] The PPCs are insoluble and nonswellable polymers containing permanent pores in the size range of micropores and in some cases also mesopores and the catalytically active centers as the part of the micro/mesoporous surface. In terms of polymer architecture, the PPCs are highly aromatic polymer networks the permanent porosity of which results from the rigidity of the network segments and extensive cross-linking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sulfonated Hyper‐cross‐linked Porous Polyacetylene Networks as Versatile Heterogeneous Acid Catalysts

et al. 2019

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Two highly sulfonated micro/mesoporous polymers, P(1,3‐DEB)‐SO3H and P(1,4‐DEB)‐SO3H, with permanent porosity, the specific surface area about 550 m2 ⋅ g−1 and the content of SO3H groups of 2.7 mmol ⋅ g−1 were prepared as new acid Porous Polymer Catalysts, PPCs. The PPCs were achieved by easy sulfonation of parent hyper‐cross‐linked micro/mesoporous polyacetylene‐type networks resulting from a chain‐growth homopolymerization of 1,3‐ and 1,4‐diethynylbenzenes. New PPCs are reported as highly active and reusable heterogeneous catalysts of esterification of fatty acids with methanol and ethanol, Prins cyclization of aldehydes with isoprenol and intramolecular Prins cyclization of citronellal to isopulegol. The catalytic activity of the micro/mesoporous PPCs (TON values up to 522 mol ⋅ mol−1) was higher than that of commercial polymer‐based heterogeneous catalyst Amberlyst 15 possessing gel texture without permanent pores and that of p‐toluenesulfonic acid applied as a homogeneous catalyst.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfonated Hyper‐cross‐linked Porous Polyacetylene Networks as Versatile Heterogeneous Acid Catalysts

et al. 2019

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“…Recent research advances have demonstrated that POPs are one type of promising materials as sulfur hosts, interlayers, and separators. However, to our best knowledge, the reviews for POPs are mainly focused on gas storage and separation, sensor, proton conductivity, drug delivery, and heterogeneous catalysis, POPs applications in Li–S batteries have not been systematically summarized hitherto.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porous Organic Polymers for Polysulfide Trapping in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Cheng

Pan

Zhong

et al. 2018

Adv Funct Materials

177

114

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Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have attracted considerable attentions in electronic energy storage and conversion because of their high theoretical energy density and cost effectiveness. The rapid capacity degradation, mainly caused by the notorious shuttle effect of polysulfides (PSs), remains a great challenge preventing practical application. Porous organic polymers (POPs) are one type of promising carbon materials to confine PSs within the cathode region. Here, the research progress on POPs and POPs-derived carbon materials in Li-S batteries is summarized, and the importance of pore surface chemistry in uniform distribution of sulfur and effective trapping of PSs is highlighted. POPs serve as promising sulfur host materials, interlayers, and separators in Li-S batteries. Their significance and innovation, especially new synthetic methods for promoting sulfur content, reversible capacity, Coulombic efficiency and cycling stability, have been demonstrated. The perspectives and critical challenges that need to be addressed for POPsbased Li-S batteries are also discussed. Some attractive electrode materials and concepts based on POPs have been proposed to improve energy density and electrochemical performance, which are anticipated to shed some light on future development of POPs in advanced Li-S batteries. a theoretical capacity of 3840 mA h g −1 , the conventional Li-S batteries could provide an average battery voltage of 2.2 V and a high theoretical energy density of 2570 W h kg −1 , which is 2-3 times higher than practical energy density of the commercial lithium ion batteries (LIBs). [4][5][6] Moreover, low cost, natural abundance, and environmental friendliness of sulfur endow Li-S batteries with great development potential and space compared with LIBs. Despite the overwhelming advantages, the practical application of Li-S batteries suffers from several technological obstacles, such as (i) poor electrical conductivities of sulfur and solid-state discharging products (Li 2 S 2 and Li 2 S); (ii) the dissolution of soluble lithium polysulfides (PSs) intermediates in the electrolytes and their free migration between cathode and anode, which results in notorious shuttle effect of PSs; (iii) huge volume fluctuation (≈80%) of the active materials during discharge and charge owing to large density difference between element sulfur and solid-state products. The major disadvantage is the shuttle effect of PSs among the above problems. During discharge and charge cycle, the dissolved high-order PSs generated in the cathode move toward the anode and react with lithium metal to form low-order PSs or a passive layer on the anode surface, low-order PSs diffuse back to the cathode and produce high-order PSs again. This process usually causes irreversible loss of active materials and low Coulombic efficiency, which are associated with fast capacity fading, low energy efficiency, severe self-discharge, and poor cycling stability. [1,[7][8][9][10] To address these problems, considerable efforts have been devoted to the devel...

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“…[17] Thus, microporous polymers are good candidates fort he fabrication of high-activity catalysts, including MOFs, [11a, 18] covalent organic frameworks (COFs), [19] polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs), [20] hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCPs), [21] and conjugated microporous polymers (CMP). [22] Among them, PIMs are distinguished for their easy processability.L inear PIMs are soluble in some organic solvents and usually have modifiable end groups.P IM-1 is at ypical PIM with nitrile groups on thep olymer backbone. The pendant nitrile groups can be converted into carboxyl groups by one-step hydrolysis in basic solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical Porous and Zinc‐Ion‐Crosslinked PIM‐1 Nanocomposite as a CO₂ Cycloaddition Catalyst with High Efficiency

et al. 2019

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CO2 cycloaddition to epoxides is an effective and economical utilization method to alleviate the current excessive CO2 emission situation. The development of catalysts with both high catalytic efficiency and high recyclability is necessary but challenging. In this context, a heterogeneous catalyst was synthesized based on a zinc‐ion‐crosslinked polymer with intrinsic microporosity (PIM‐1). The high microporosity of PIM‐1 promoted a high Zn2+ loading rate. Additionally, the relatively stable ionic bond formed between Zn2+ and the PIM‐1 framework through electrostatic interaction ensured high loading stability. In the process of CO2 cycloaddition with propylene epoxide, an optimized conversion of 90 % with a turnover frequency as high as 9533 h−1 could be achieved within 0.5 h at 100 °C and 2 MPa. After 15 cycles, the catalytic efficiency did not demonstrate a significant decline, and the catalyst was able to recover most of its activity after Zn2+ reloading. This work thereby provides a strategically designed CO2 conversion catalyst based on an ionic crosslinked polymer with intrinsic microporosity.

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Conjugated Microporous Polymers for Heterogeneous Catalysis

Cited by 125 publications

References 76 publications

Sulfonated Hyper‐cross‐linked Porous Polyacetylene Networks as Versatile Heterogeneous Acid Catalysts

Sulfonated Hyper‐cross‐linked Porous Polyacetylene Networks as Versatile Heterogeneous Acid Catalysts

Porous Organic Polymers for Polysulfide Trapping in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Hierarchical Porous and Zinc‐Ion‐Crosslinked PIM‐1 Nanocomposite as a CO₂ Cycloaddition Catalyst with High Efficiency

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Conjugated Microporous Polymers for Heterogeneous Catalysis

Cited by 125 publications

References 76 publications

Sulfonated Hyper‐cross‐linked Porous Polyacetylene Networks as Versatile Heterogeneous Acid Catalysts

Sulfonated Hyper‐cross‐linked Porous Polyacetylene Networks as Versatile Heterogeneous Acid Catalysts

Porous Organic Polymers for Polysulfide Trapping in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Hierarchical Porous and Zinc‐Ion‐Crosslinked PIM‐1 Nanocomposite as a CO2 Cycloaddition Catalyst with High Efficiency

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Hierarchical Porous and Zinc‐Ion‐Crosslinked PIM‐1 Nanocomposite as a CO₂ Cycloaddition Catalyst with High Efficiency