Nanomedicine is an emerging field that integrates nanotechnology, biomolecular engineering, life sciences and medicine; it is expected to produce major breakthroughs in medical diagnostics and therapeutics. Due to the size-compatibility of nano-scale structures and devices with proteins and nucleic acids, the design, synthesis and application of nanoprobes, nanocarriers and nanomachines provide unprecedented opportunities for achieving a better control of biological processes, and drastic improvements in disease detection, therapy, and prevention. Recent advances in nanomedicine include the development of functional nanoparticle based molecular imaging probes, nano-structured materials as drug/gene carriers for in vivo delivery, and engineered molecular machines for treating single-gene disorders. This review focuses on the development of molecular imaging probes and engineered nucleases for nanomedicine, including quantum dot bioconjugates, quantum dot-fluorescent protein FRET probes, molecular beacons, magnetic and gold nanoparticle based imaging contrast agents, and the design and validation of zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and TAL effector nucleases (TALENs) for gene targeting. The challenges in translating nanomedicine approaches to clinical applications are discussed. Nanomedicine is an emerging field that integrates nanotechnology, biomolecular engineering, biology, and medicine [1]. It focuses on the development of engineered nano-scale (1ï100 nm) materials, structures and devices for better diagnostics and highly specific medical intervention in curing disease or repairing damaged tissues. As a basis for nanomedicine, nanotechnology is the science, engineering, and technology related to the understanding and control of matter at the nano-scale, and the development of materials, devices, and systems that have novel properties and functions due to their nano-scale dimensions or components. Nanotechnology also provides new abilities to measure, control and manipulate matter (including soft matter) at the nano-scale what was unthinkable with conventional tools. Owing to the size-compatibility of nano-scale structures with proteins and nucleic acids in living cells, nanomedicine approaches have the potential to provide unprecedented opportunities for achieving a better control of biological processes, and drastic improvements in disease detection, therapy, and prevention, thus revolutionizing medicine. Over the last ten years or so, significant efforts have been made in the US, China, Europe and elsewhere to develop nanomedicine. For example, the US National Institutes of Health has developed a nanomedicine centers network, and invested a significant amount of research funding to nanomedicine development. Just in FY 2009 (Oct. 1, 2008ïSept. 30, 2009, the total NIH funding in nanotechnology/ nanoscience projects was more than 410 million US dollars.
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