Conjunctivitis, the key clinical characteristic of adult rubella in Japan during two large outbreaks, 2012–2013 and 2018–2019

Nomoto, Hidetoshi; Ishikane, Masahiro; Nakamoto, Takato; Ohta, Masayuki; Morioka, Shigefumi; Yamamoto, Kei; Kutsuna, Satoshi; Tezuka, Shunsuke; Kunimatsu, Junwa; Ohmagari, Norio

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231966

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Furthermore, for both CMV and rubella virus infections, infants presenting with systemic, symptomatic infection reflecting disseminated infection are more likely to progress to severe or profound hearing loss [ 76 , 77 ]. Notably, CMV and rubella virus infection acquired postnatally have not been found to cause hearing loss [ 78 , 79 ], suggesting that prenatal cochlear development is particularly sensitive. Importantly, different congenital infections also appear to cause hearing loss via disparate mechanisms.…”

Section: The Cochlea As a Model Organ To Study The Effect Of Early Life Inflammation On The Developing Hematopoietic And Immune Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Life Inflammation and the Developing Hematopoietic and Immune Systems: The Cochlea as a Sensitive Indicator of Disruption

Otsuka

Nielson

Firpo

et al. 2021

Cells

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Emerging evidence indicates that perinatal infection and inflammation can influence the developing immune system and may ultimately affect long-term health and disease outcomes in offspring by perturbing tissue and immune homeostasis. We posit that perinatal inflammation influences immune outcomes in offspring by perturbing (1) the development and function of fetal-derived immune cells that regulate tissue development and homeostasis, and (2) the establishment and function of developing hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that continually generate immune cells across the lifespan. To disentangle the complexities of these interlinked systems, we propose the cochlea as an ideal model tissue to investigate how perinatal infection affects immune, tissue, and stem cell development. The cochlea contains complex tissue architecture and a rich immune milieu that is established during early life. A wide range of congenital infections cause cochlea dysfunction and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), likely attributable to early life inflammation. Furthermore, we show that both immune cells and bone marrow hematopoietic progenitors can be simultaneously analyzed within neonatal cochlear samples. Future work investigating the pathogenesis of SNHL in the context of congenital infection will therefore provide critical information on how perinatal inflammation drives disease susceptibility in offspring.

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Section: The Cochlea As a Model Organ To Study The Effect Of Early Life Inflammation On The Developing Hematopoietic And Immune Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Life Inflammation and the Developing Hematopoietic and Immune Systems: The Cochlea as a Sensitive Indicator of Disruption

Otsuka

Nielson

Firpo

et al. 2021

Cells

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“…Recently, Nomoto et al reported that conjunctivitis was significantly associated with adult rubella in Japan. Although it might be useful for the early diagnosis of adult rubella, the time of its appearance was not described [ 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The period from prodromal fever onset to rash onset in laboratory-confirmed rubella cases: a cross-sectional study

Ogata

Murooka²,

Akashi³

et al. 2021

BMC Infect Dis

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Background In resource-limited settings, where rubella is endemic, it is difficult to determine which sporadic case should be tested for rubella. The study aimed to provide useful evidence to help screen rubella cases for real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) examination for rubella in resource-limited settings. Method Suspected rubella patients identified by a physician and brought to the notice of the Ryugasaki public health center or the Tsuchiura public health center were enrolled from April 2018 through December 2019. The inclusion criterion was a confirmed rubella diagnosis based on laboratory tests. We studied the distribution of the time from the onset of fever until the onset of rash. Results The study included 86 cases with simultaneous presentation of fever and rash. Twenty-nine cases had confirmed rubella based on the laboratory diagnosis. Among these, the time from the onset of fever until the onset of rash was limited to − 1 day to 2 days. The number of rubella cases was the highest when the onset of rash was on the following day of the onset of fever. Of the 78 patients who underwent the RT-PCR test, 48% tested positive for rubella among those with a time from the onset of fever to the onset of rash between − 1 day and 2 days (22 out of 46, 95% confidence interval 34–62%); no positive results (0 out of 30, 95% confidence interval - 14%) were seen in patients with a time from fever to rash onset ≥3 days. Conclusion The period from the onset of fever to the onset of rash was limited to − 1 day to 2 days among confirmed rubella patients. If the period from onset of fever to the onset of rash was ≥3 days for a patient, the likelihood of rubella was low.

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“…36 Recently, Japan endured two outbreaks of rubella in 2012–2013 and 2018–2019. 7 The majority of patients were men, aged ≥40 years, and ineligible for national routine vaccination. Vaccines for mumps among children are not routine, but voluntary in Japan.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cluster infections of varicella among foreigners were reported between 2012 and 2016. 6 Rubella outbreaks occurred recently among unvaccinated populations in Japan, 7 and two international students were diagnosed with this disease in 2019, which resulted in cluster infections in their school. 8 Furthermore, there was a report of an outbreak of rubella among foreign trainees undergoing vocational training in 2016.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surveillance and risk assessment of health screening for vaccine-preventable diseases among international students in Japan: A cross-sectional study in 2020

Takahata

Onishi

Nomoto

et al. 2022

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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We conducted a cross-sectional study using a structured questionnaire in three major Japanese cities from August 03 to 24, 2020 to clarify the current situation of health checkups, including vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs), among international students at Japanese universities (JUs) and Japanese language schools (JLSs). The total response rate was 36%: 69 JUs (31%) and 137 JLSs (39%). Over 90% of these institutions conducted chest X-ray screening for tuberculosis among their students, whereas only 24.6% of JUs and 15.3% of JLSs performed general blood tests for health screening. Only 14.5% and 2.2% of the JUs and JLSs, respectively, required the submission of vaccination or antibody certificates for admission. The difficulties in requesting vaccination certificates from international students are due to poor legal requirements and concerns about rising costs for schools. From 2017 to 2019, 183 international students, principally from East Asia and Southeast Asia, were infected with VPDs, particularly tuberculosis (99 cases) and varicella (71 cases). Whereas the majority of Japanese educational institutions screen international students for tuberculosis (TB) at admission, only a few institutions request proof of antibody testing relating to other VPDs or of vaccination. These findings will help formulate guidelines for checkups related to vaccination for international students required to protect the educational institutions in Japan from the spread of VPDs. In addition, providing multifaceted social support, including financial compensation for institutions and enhanced international students’ health issues, would be helpful.

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Conjunctivitis, the key clinical characteristic of adult rubella in Japan during two large outbreaks, 2012–2013 and 2018–2019

Cited by 11 publications

References 13 publications

Early Life Inflammation and the Developing Hematopoietic and Immune Systems: The Cochlea as a Sensitive Indicator of Disruption

Early Life Inflammation and the Developing Hematopoietic and Immune Systems: The Cochlea as a Sensitive Indicator of Disruption

The period from prodromal fever onset to rash onset in laboratory-confirmed rubella cases: a cross-sectional study

Surveillance and risk assessment of health screening for vaccine-preventable diseases among international students in Japan: A cross-sectional study in 2020

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