a big thanks to Katharina, Cristina, Alex and Francisco who motivated me to come to the office, have coffee, celebrate birthdays, chat about our weekend plans, talk politics or life events, talk to each other in Polish (while none of us could actually speak Polish), and laugh about Alex's jokes. Best coffee breaks! I would also like to thank my family, in particular, my mother Brigitte, Paul and Alexandra, for motivating me to pursue this PhD, and for teaching me the value of education and how it gives you options in life. Thank you for stimulating discussions at the dinner table, for sparking my interest in research and talking about the options of a PhD. I am indepted to Paul for connecting me to family friends in Academia or any other field that he could possible think of that would support me in fulfilling my passion and research ambition. A special thanks to David, my partner, who encouraged me to progress every day and lift me up during moments of self-doubt. David realized soon enough that the more support he would show during my frequent episodes of stress, the sooner this book would be done. Thank you for putting up with me. Finally, this book would not have been here without the help of what feels like 'my second mother', Eveline in de Braek, who already invested time in me before I was even admitted to the programme. Every day she would do everything she can to motive me and my PhD fellows, help us develop self-confidence, and teach us important life lessons. At first, I would just make sure to follow her instructions (as she is a former militant) but as time evolved, I would come to realize the value in her life lessons and visit her frequently to seek out advice or a big hug. One of my favorite Eveline phrases: "First you are a human being, someone's daughter, a sister, a friend to someone, only then are you a PhD student". This helped me put things into perspective, make me feel a bit "lighter" at times when feeling overwhelmed. She takes all the PhD fellows under her wing, and there is always room for more people. Eveline truly is the heart of the institute and will always have a special place in mine. Dankjewel en een dikke knuffel terug. Maastricht, 18 December 2018 xiii CONTENTS 1 Introduction Motivation of the dissertation Research objectives 1.1.1 Characteristics of heterogeneous value chains of ITES 1.1.2 Firm participation in local, regional and global value chains of ITES 1.1.3 Firm learning and innovation in local, regional and global value chains of ITES 1.1.4 Looking beyond GVCs for capacity development The case study Data and methods 1.5 Structure of the dissertation 2 Methodology Research approach Data collection Focus of analysis 2.1.1 Qualitative analysis: interviews 2.1.2 Quantitative analysis: firm-level survey Data analysis Limitations 3 Characteristics of heterogeneous value chains of ITES Introduction Prior research and conceptual background 3.1.1 Outsourcing and offshoring 3.1.2 Regional value chains 3.1.3 Regional value chains: the African market Data and methods Overview of t...