Connecting the dots between inflammatory cascades of obesity and COVID-19 in light of mortal consequences—a review

Abstract

Obesity is a term that has recently been referred to describe a condition in which a person has become a diseased vessel. Obesity’s internal pathology is too mysterious as it has a close resemblance with fatal diseases pathology. Obesity and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are simultaneous epidemics declared by many organizations after observing their rampage in the recent world. Oxidative stress, cytokine storm, interleukin, and their contribution to the internal adipocyte environment implicated in the cascades of inflammatory pathology are portrayed here. Major determinants like angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) axis are highly sensitive molecular factors. Data from various countries suggested a clinical overview of how greater body mass index (BMI) is related to greater COVID-19 risk. It also gives insight into how obese individuals are obligately getting admitted and combating COVID-19 in intensive care unit including children less than 13 years of age under ultimate therapeutic options. There are numerous studies currently taking place for finding a cure for obesity which are mainly focused on natural resources and novel therapies like photobiomodulation (PBM) consisting of laser treatment, infrared treatment, etc. as current pharmacological treatments are reported to have fatal adverse effects. Finally, it is discussed how attenuating obesity will be a solution for future combat strategy. This review gives light on the areas of coagulation, inflammatory parameters, cardiometabolic complications, endothelial dysfunctions, immunological infirmity due to COVID-19 in obese individuals. A conceptual outline about correlation between the inflammatory pathophysiological steps triggering the aggravation of fatal consequences has been drawn in this review. Graphical abstract

Effects of Near-Infrared Light on Well-Being and Health in Human Subjects with Mild Sleep-Related Complaints: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study

“…In general, one of the most reproducible effects of PBM is a reduction in inflammation [59], but to our knowledge, this is the first study that shows such a systemic reduction in humans after a four-week treatment period. The positive effect of PBM in reducing inflammation has even resulted in a discussion as a potential treatment for COVID-19 [60][61][62]. An anecdotal additional finding to this discussion is that during the current study carried out in the year 2021, only 1 out of the 62 initially included participants (PBM condition 4 J•cm −2 ) tested positive during the four-week study.…”

COVID-19 and metabolic syndrome

“…Variety of pathogenic mechanisms by which COVID-19 could accelerate atherosclerosis has been proposed [38] . Endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerotic plaque instability can lead to plaque rupture and atherothrombosis [27] . During acute COVID-19 illness total testosterone decreases in men and oestradiol increases in women.…”