Connecting the other half: Exploring options for the 50% of the population unconnected to the internet

Portillo, Iñigo del; Eiskowitz, Skylar; Crawley, Edward F.; Cameron, Bruce

doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2020.102092

Cited by 35 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In this case, the RF link using n transmission modes is activated. 2 The range of received SNRs over RF transmission is divided into n+1 set of non-overlapping intervals:…”

Section: A Adaptive Transmission Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main barriers come from a lack of infrastructure and affordability. Satellite communications have recently emerged as a complementary solution to bridge the gap by offering Internet connectivity at a reasonable cost, and ubiquitous coverage [2]. For example, Starlink presently offers Internet access from space with a fee of 99 USD per month (unlimited data); download speed varies from 50 to 150 Mbps depending on the location [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the Design of Rate Adaptation for Relay-Assisted Satellite Hybrid FSO/RF Systems

Nguyen

Dang

et al. 2022

IEEE Photonics J.

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This paper addresses the design of hybrid freespace optical/radio frequency (FSO/RF) systems for a highaltitude platform (HAP)-aided relaying satellite communication for mobile networks supported by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). While prior work primarily focused on fixed-rate design, which frequently switches between FSO and RF lead reduced the system performance, we propose a rate adaptation design that gradually adjusts the data rate in each link when its channel state fluctuates, under a target bit error rate (BER) constraint. The proposed design's downlink performance is analyzed, taking into account many challenging issues, including beam spreading loss, cloud attenuation, statistical behaviors of the atmospheric turbulence in the dual-hop channel, and pointing misalignment due to the UAV hovering. Different performance metrics are analytically derived based on channel modelings, including outage probability, average transmission rate, and achievable spectrum efficiency. In addition, the average system BER, which satisfies the design constraint, is also numerically obtained. The results quantitatively confirm the effectiveness of our proposed system under the impact of UAV hovering misalignment and atmospheric-related issues like clouds and turbulence. Finally, Monte-Carlo simulations validate the accuracy of theoretical results.

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“…In this case, the RF link using n transmission modes is activated. 2 The range of received SNRs over RF transmission is divided into n+1 set of non-overlapping intervals:…”

Section: A Adaptive Transmission Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Design of Rate Adaptation for Relay-Assisted Satellite Hybrid FSO/RF Systems

Nguyen

Dang

et al. 2022

IEEE Photonics J.

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“…Some cellular companies have suggested the integration of low altitude UAVs to existing terrestrial infrastructure to help extend broadband coverage. Analysis indicates that space and aerial systems can provide Internet connectivity to 24% of the population in uncovered and under-served regions of the world [67].…”

Section: Tecno-economic Analysis Of Wireless Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We assume the constellations are already at or beyond critical coverage point and that there is enough capacity between the ground station and the satellite. We then obtain engineering parameters for ) is obtained by multiplying the total bandwidth with the frequency reuse factor obtained from previous research [67]. Since the existing systems launched such as Starlink's v1.0 satellites are using the bent-pipe architecture, a similar bandwidth on the feeder and user links is assumed.…”

Section: Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Techno-Economic Framework for Satellite Networks Applied to Low Earth Orbit Constellations: Assessing Starlink, OneWeb and Kuiper

Osoro

Oughton²

2021

IEEE Access

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Delivering broadband connectivity to unconnected areas is extremely challenging. The emergence of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite systems has been seen as a potential solution for connecting remote areas where engineering terrestrial infrastructure is prohibitively expensive to deploy. Despite the hype around these new technologies, we still lack an open-source modeling framework for assessing the techno-economics of satellite broadband connectivity which is therefore the purpose of this paper. Firstly, a generalizable techno-economic model is presented to assess the engineering-economics of satellite constellations. Secondly, the approach is applied to assess the three main competing LEO constellations which include Starlink, OneWeb and Kuiper. This involves simulating the impact on coverage, capacity and cost as both the number of satellites and quantity of subscribers increases. Finally, a global assessment is undertaken visualizing the potential capacity and cost per user via different subscriber scenarios. The results demonstrate how limited the capacity will be once resources are spread across users in each satellite coverage area. For example, if there is 1 user per 10 km 2 we estimate a mean per user capacity of 24.94 Mbps, 1.01 Mbps and 10.30 Mbps for Starlink, OneWeb and Kuiper respectively in the busiest hour of the day. But if the subscriber density increases to 1 user per km 2 , then the mean per user capacity drops significantly to 2.49 Mbps, 0.10 Mbps and 1.02 Mbps for Starlink, OneWeb and Kuiper respectively. LEO broadband will be an essential part of the connectivity toolkit, but the results reveal that these megaconstellations will most likely have to operate below 0.1 users per km 2 to provide a service that outcompetes other broadband connectivity options. The open-source codebase which the paper contributes is provided with the hope that other engineers will access, use, and further develop the satellite assessment capability.

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“…+(σre)2 is the SNR of the RF link. And, γ 2,FSO = (ηhFSO) 2 (ησb2) 2 +(σrec) 2 is the SNR of FSO link at the second hop.…”

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confidence: 99%

On the Design of Rate Adaptation for Relay-Assisted Satellite Hybrid FSO/RF Systems

Le¹,

Nguyen²

2021

Preprint

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<p>This paper addresses the design of hybrid free-space optical/radio frequency (FSO/RF) systems for a high-altitude platform (HAP)-aided relaying satellite communication for mobile networks supported by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). While prior work primarily focused on fixed-rate design, which frequently switches between FSO and RF lead to reduce the system performance, we propose a rate adaptation design that gradually adjusts the data rate in each link when its channel state fluctuates. The proposed design's downlink performance is analyzed, taking into account many challenging issues, including beam spreading loss, cloud attenuation, statistical behaviors of the atmospheric turbulence in the dual-hop channel, and pointing misalignment due to the UAV hovering. Different performance metrics are analytically derived based on channel modelings, such as outage probability, average transmission rate, achievable spectrum efficiency, and average transmission rate. The numerical results quantitatively confirm the effectiveness of our proposed system under the impact of UAV hovering misalignment and atmospheric-related issues like clouds and turbulence. Finally, Monte-Carlo simulations validate the accuracy of theoretical results.</p>

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Connecting the other half: Exploring options for the 50% of the population unconnected to the internet

Cited by 35 publications

References 35 publications

On the Design of Rate Adaptation for Relay-Assisted Satellite Hybrid FSO/RF Systems

On the Design of Rate Adaptation for Relay-Assisted Satellite Hybrid FSO/RF Systems

A Techno-Economic Framework for Satellite Networks Applied to Low Earth Orbit Constellations: Assessing Starlink, OneWeb and Kuiper

On the Design of Rate Adaptation for Relay-Assisted Satellite Hybrid FSO/RF Systems

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