Connecting the unconnected 10% of New Zealanders by 2025: Is a MahiTahi approach possible?

Villapol, María E.; Liu, William; Gutiérrez, Jairo; Chiaraviglio, Luca; Sathiaseelan, Arjuna; Wu, Jinsong; Bagula, Antoine; Qadir, Junaid; Song, Jian; Zhang, Wenjun; Gregory, Mark A; Wu, Ji

doi:10.1109/atnac.2017.8215429

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…However, it has vast rural regions that represent a challenge for providing ubiquitous connectivity. The government of New Zealand had launched the Ultra-Fast Broadband (UFB) initiative to provide fiber-based broadband access to 75% of the population [364]. For rural areas, the Rural Broadband Initiative (RBI) was launched and allowed providing access to 90% of New Zealanders by 2018, with connected rural households having a broadband connection of 5 Mbps.…”

Section: F New Zealandmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

Yaacoub¹,

Alouini²

2020

Preprint

149

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Providing connectivity to around half of the world population living in rural or underprivileged areas is a tremendous challenge, but also a unique opportunity. Access to the internet would provide the population living in these areas a possibility to progress on the educational, health, environment, and business levels. In this paper, a survey of technologies for providing connectivity to rural areas, and that can help address this challenge, is provided. Although access/fronthaul and backhaul techniques are discussed in the paper, it is noted that the major limitation for providing connectivity to rural and underprivileged areas is the cost of backhaul deployment. In addition, energy requirements and cost efficiency of the studied technologies are analyzed. In fact, the challenges faced for deploying an electricity network, as a prerequisite for deploying communication networks, are huge in these areas and they are granted an important share of the discussions in this paper. Furthermore, typical application scenarios in rural areas are discussed, and several country-specific use cases are surveyed. The main initiatives by key international players aiming to provide rural connectivity are also described. Moreover, directions for future evolution of rural connectivity are outlined in the paper. Although there is no single solution that can solve all rural connectivity problems, building gradually on the current achievements in order to reach ubiquitous connectivity, while taking into account the particularities of each region and tailoring the solution accordingly, seems to be the most suitable path to follow.

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Section: F New Zealandmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

Yaacoub¹,

Alouini²

2020

Preprint

149

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…initiative to provide fiber-based broadband access to 75% of the population [364]. For rural areas, the Rural Broadband Initiative (RBI) was launched and allowed providing access to 90% of New Zealanders by 2018, with connected rural households having a broadband connection of 5 Mbps.…”

Section: F New Zealandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The RBI approach uses FTTN, complemented by wireless access to the residents. The government of New Zealand, as part of the RBI, aims to provide connectivity for the remaining 10% by 2025 [364].…”

Section: F New Zealandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A collaborative approach between the government, network operators, and the rural population is proposed in [364] in order to reach this objective sooner. It is based on the joint implementation of several technologies discussed in Sections III and IV, namely: 5G with D2D to provide better accessibility in rural areas, the use of a mesh network with collaboration between the local nodes in rural zones, the use of TV white space, and resorting to drones, balloons or satellites to connect hard to reach areas.…”

Section: F New Zealandmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity—Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

2020

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“…However, it has vast rural regions that represent a challenge for providing ubiquitous connectivity. The government of New Zealand had launched the Ultra-Fast Broadband (UFB) initiative to provide fiber-based broadband access to 75% of the population [338]. For rural areas, the Rural Broadband Initiative (RBI) was launched and allowed providing access to 90% of New Zealanders by 2018, with connected rural households having a broadband connection of 5 Mbps.…”

Section: F New Zealandmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Remaining 4 Billions: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

Yaacoub¹,

Alouini²

2019

Preprint

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DRAFT 4) Hyper Connected: This scenario corresponds to people enjoying state-of-the-art connectivity, e.g., at least 4G and possibly 5G cellular connectivity, and/or with high speed fixed DSL or FTTH or FTTN connectivity. These subscribers typically live in urban areas, and it is extremely difficult to find them in rural areas, due to the numerous barriers discussed previously. This paper surveys the literature aiming to provide basic connectivity to the unconnected population, or aiming to increase the connectivity level of those with basic connectivity ("Under Hence, the challenges for FSO in space are less critical, and indeed significantly better performance can be achieved, especially due to the fact that the optical signal is not traversing the atmosphere. In 2008, an optical inter-satellite link achieved a data rate transmission of 5.6 Gbps for distances up to 5, 000 km in the European Data Relay satellite System (EDRS). Newer terminals can transmit at a data rate of 1.8 Gbps for distances up to 45, 000 km. The intersatellite Ka band link achieved 300 Mbps [44]. In EDRS, LEO satellites relay the data from ground stations to GEO satellites using FSO for the GEO-LEO satellite communication, and RF bands for communication with the ground stations (similarly to the satellite-satellite Ka link, the satellite-ground Ka link achieved 300 Mbps) [44]. Some of the recent satellite constellations discussed in Section II-E, e.g., Starlink, are also expected to use FSO for its inter-satellite communication [45,46,47]. D. HAPs/Drones/UAVs/BalloonsTo solve the coverage problem in large rural areas without relying on the deployment of costly wired infrastructure for backhaul, HAPs and UAVs are generally recommended [48].UAVs are proposed in [49] to provide backhaul connectivity for ground 5G base stations. A steering algorithm to allow the antennas of the UAV and the ground BS to be dynamically steered towards each other is proposed in [49], and tested via an experimental setup. In[50], a multihop network of HAPs is proposed for providing backhaul connectivity to TVWS deployments in rural areas. The HAPs communicate with each other using mmWave frequencies, and with the ground stations using FSO.An interference alignment scheme to maximize the sum-rate capacity of HAPs communicating with GSs is proposed in [51]. The scheme assumes M HAP drones and N GSs, with no CSI at the HAPs. A tethered balloon with (M − 1) × (N − 1) antennas is used as a decode and forward (DF) relay with half-duplex operation: The HAPs transmit their data to the GSs first, then the tethered balloon relays the data after performing pre-coding [51].Aerostats filled with lighter than air gas are tethered to the ground and used to provide connectivity to rural areas in [52]. Although these tethered aerostats can be used to provide backhaul connectivity by communicating with each other using directive antennas, they were also used in [52] to provide fronthaul WiFi access by using high gain omnidirectional antennas.

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Connecting the unconnected 10% of New Zealanders by 2025: Is a MahiTahi approach possible?

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity—Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Remaining 4 Billions: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

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