The Lapita Cultural Complex is associated with a sudden and rapid expansion of populations into the Southwest Pacific some 3000 years ago, over a period of 400 years. It has been identified archaeologically, from the Bismarck Archipelago to Samoa, stretching almost 5000 kilometres across this part of the Pacific Ocean. It represents the first evidence of human colonization east of the main Solomon Islands. Associated data have been accumulated during more than 100 years of research which have seen vigorous debate regarding aspects such as origins, distribution, chronology, and economy. In this chapter, the authors summarize current knowledge in relation to the Lapita Cultural Complex, which ultimately highlights the extraordinary adaptability and resilience of these pioneering Pasifika peoples.