Connection between Mesenchymal Stem Cells Therapy and Osteoclasts in Osteoarthritis

Abstract

The use of mesenchymal stem cells constitutes a promising therapeutic approach, as it has shown beneficial effects in different pathologies. Numerous in vitro, pre-clinical, and, to a lesser extent, clinical trials have been published for osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is a type of arthritis that affects diarthritic joints in which the most common and studied effect is cartilage degradation. Nowadays, it is known that osteoarthritis is a disease with a very powerful inflammatory component that affects the subchondral bone and the rest of the tissues that make up the joint. This inflammatory component may induce the differentiation of osteoclasts, the bone-resorbing cells. Subchondral bone degradation has been suggested as a key process in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. However, very few published studies directly focus on the activity of mesenchymal stem cells on osteoclasts, contrary to what happens with other cell types of the joint, such as chondrocytes, synoviocytes, and osteoblasts. In this review, we try to gather the published bibliography in relation to the effects of mesenchymal stem cells on osteoclastogenesis. Although we find promising results, we point out the need for further studies that can support mesenchymal stem cells as a therapeutic tool for osteoclasts and their consequences on the osteoarthritic joint.

Exosomes derived from miR-338-3p-modified adipose stem cells inhibited inflammation injury of chondrocytes via targeting RUNX2 in osteoarthritis

“…This study is lack of the verification of animal experiment that should be addressed in future experiments. Furthermore, osteoclasts are also a major contributor to OA development [58,59]. Thus, the effect of miR-338-3p-modified ASCderived exosomes on osteoclast activity needs to be investigated in the future.…”

Adipose-derived regenerative therapies for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis

“…Although studies on the effectiveness of ASCs in treating osteoarthritis primarily address their ability to regenerate cartilage, there is emerging evidence of their ability to promote bone repair[ 61 ]. A study investigating the effect of ASCs on osteoclastogenesis, both in vitro and in a mouse model, demonstrated that RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis was suppressed following ASC treatment[ 62 ].…”

Culture-expanded mesenchymal stromal cell therapy: does it work in knee osteoarthritis? A pathway to clinical success

“…However, Chen et al have shown that autologous MSC(AT) injection significantly reduced the MOAKS for bone marrow lesions and cysts, meniscus pathology, and periarticular features at 48 weeks relative to baseline, while no significant differences were observed for osteophyte, synovitis, ligament tears or tendon abnormality scores [ 127 ]. In terms of subchondral bone, MSCs can interact with osteoclasts in OA through direct cell‒cell contact and indirectly through secreted factors and EVs to inhibit osteoclastogenesis and subchondral bone resorption, as recently reviewed [ 156 ]. Osteoblasts are also known to modulate cartilage metabolism and subchondral bone remodeling in OA, and a previous in vitro study demonstrated that EVs derived from human MSC(AT) reduced OA osteoblast senescence and the release of inflammatory mediators such as IL-6 [ 157 ].…”