Abstract. The interdisciplinary understanding required for the design and analysis of underwater acoustic sensor networks presents formidable constraints and challenges for computer scientists and engineers. However, underwater environments have never been much of a constraint to the rich animal life they support at all depths of our seas and oceans. Indeed, it is known that nature has taken advantage of this environment to develop a rich variety of efficient communication strategies throughout the long history of evolutionary change and adaptation. The wealth of knowledge to be discovered will continue to dazzle and fascinate the world. For the communications in underwater sensor networks, acoustic signaling is the preferred choice for designers because sound propagation is the most efficient when compared to other forms, like thermal, light, and electromagnetic. It is within this acoustic environment that researchers have to innovate and develop new ideas and methodologies so as to advance the state-of-the-art. In this position paper, several fundamental issues and connections are discussed that arise in the study of underwater wireless sensor networks. Throughout the nature of the underwater environment is emphasized how one can take advantage of it. A variety of ideas and solutions that could be of value for further research is proposed. Moreover, fundamental issues in topology control, directional underwater transducers, and monitoring and surveillance are discussed.