Conscious Sedation Using Midazolam and Sequential Flumazenil in Cirrhotic Patients for Prophylactic Endoscopic Variceal Ligation

Abstract

Background/Aims: This study investigated the safety of endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) under conscious sedation with midazolam and sequential flumazenil after procedure in these patients. Methods: A total of 279 patients who underwent secondary prophylactic EVL at our institution between April 2012 and June 2014, were enrolled. Conscious sedation was achieved using intravenous midazolam, and flumazenil was routinely used as an antidote immediately after EVL. Patients with sleep (n = 165) and non-sleep (n = 55) endoscopy were matched using propensity score analysis (3:1). Frequencies of overt hepatic encephalopathy (HEP) and patient' satisfactions with EVL were compared between the 2 groups. Results: Of the 279 patients, 155 (55.6%) were of Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) class, B or C, and 224 (80.3%) patients underwent sleep endoscopy. After propensity score analysis, overt HEP was observed in 1 (0.4%) of the 165 patients in the sedated group, but not found in any in the non-sedated group. Patient' satisfaction with EVL was better in the sedated group (p < 0.001). Twenty-nine (65.9%) of the 44 patients with CTP class C underwent sleep endoscopy, and only one (3.4%) experienced overt HEP. Conclusions: Prophylactic EVL under conscious sedation using midazolam and flumazenil is probably safe in cirrhotic patients without experience of HEP, even in those of CTP class C.

Clinical outcomes of sedation during emergency endoscopic band ligation for variceal bleeding: Multicenter cohort study

“…12 By contrast, if patients cooperate well, the procedure is easier and faster for endoscopists to perform. 13 Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that sedation in EVL for acute variceal bleeding may improve the safety of the procedure as well as patient satisfaction, or may at least provide comparable efficacy to that of non-sedated procedures. Nevertheless, few studies have directly compared the efficacy of sedated-and un-sedated EVL for acute variceal bleeding.…”