“…Moreover, the formation control problem is of great interest in studying the AUV group. Various formation control approaches have been reported in the literature, such as the path-following approach ( Xinjing et al, 2017 ; Yu et al, 2017 ), the leader–follower approach ( Bechlioulis et al, 2019 ; Renjie et al, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2020 ; Heshmati-Alamdari et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ), the behavioral approach ( He et al, 2010 ; Chen et al, 2021 ), the virtual structure approach ( Zhang et al, 2016 ), and the consensus theory ( Zhang et al, 2019 ; Qin et al, 2020 ; Xia et al, 2021b ). The leader–follower method is widely used because of its simple structure and easy implementation, but it relies too much on the leader.…”