Consensus guidelines for the detection of immunogenic cell death

Epigenetic treatment of multiple myeloma mediates tumor intrinsic and extrinsic immunomodulatory effects

“…The gold-standard approach to evaluate the ability of a specific stimulus to cause bona fide ICD relies on vaccination. 18 For vaccination, at least 80% of apoptotic cells is warranted. As such, we used the dosages as illustrated in Supplementary Figure S1I, K and used the treated 5T33vt cells as a vaccine in C57Bl/KaLwRij mice.…”

Cell death, clearance and immunity in the skeletal muscle

“…Implications of these concepts are being actively studied in particular in the oncology field and consensus guidelines for the detection of immunogenic cell death have been recently published. 127 Of interest, virtually all the processes involved in facilitating DAMP release and biological action are well characterized in the inflamed skeletal muscle: HMGB1 is a critical signal not only in the physiological remodeling of the injured tissue (see above), but also plays well-characterized role in IIM. 41,128 Autophagy is critically involved in the physiologic response of the muscle to stressful conditions (see above).…”

Trial Watch: Immunogenic cell death inducers for anticancer chemotherapy

“…15,21,34 A more detailed description of these signal transduction pathways and cellular circuitries goes beyond the scope of this Trial Watch and can be found in several recent reviews. 1,3,4 Importantly, some -but not all -cell death inducers are capable of eliciting ICD, 35 and this property cannot be anticipated by structural or functional considerations. 3,[36][37][38] Indeed, while cisplatin and oxaliplatin both exert cytostatic/cytotoxic effects as they induce inter-and intra-strand DNA adducts, [39][40][41][42] only the latter triggers bona fide ICD as it provokes a pre-mortem ER stress response.…”

“…2 Subsequent studies by us and others identified various mechanisms that underlie not only the ability of a specific stimulus to trigger bona fide ICD as opposed to a non-immunogenic instance of apoptosis, but also the capacity of the host to detect ICD and hence mount a therapeutically relevant immune response against dying cells. 1, [3][4][5][6] Schematically, ICD itself relies on the coordinated emission of a series of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), [7][8][9][10][11][12] including the exposure of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones on the cell surface, the secretion of ATP and the release of the non-histone chromatin-binding protein high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] and immunostimulatory cytokines, such as type I interferons. 21 When emitted in the correct spatiotemporal pattern, [22][23][24] such DAMPs recruit antigen-presenting cells, including dendritic cells, to the site of ICD and activate them to engulf dead cell-associated antigens, process and present them to CD4 C and CD8 C T lymphocytes in the context of co-stimulatory signals, resulting in the priming of a robust, antigen-specific immune response.…”