Consequence of Indoor Air Pollution in Rural Area of Nepal: A Simplified Measurement Approach

Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Kim, Chun-Bae; Kim, Chang-Soo; Jha, Nilambar; Kumar, Deepak; Connel, Fredric A.

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2015.00005

Cited by 45 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Mothers and children were mostly those under this heavy load of HAP. Because of their customary involvement in cooking, especially women's exposure is much higher than men's (3,12,(14)(15)(16) with children either been carried on the back during cooking hours or laid to sleep on kitchen beds during the cooking process.…”

Section: Factors Influencing the Choice Of Fuel Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of sources of household air pollution: a cross-sectional study in Cameroon.

Baame¹,

Goura²,

Mbatchou

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Household air pollution (HAP) is a recognised risk factor for many diseases, including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular/circulatory disorders, adverse pregnancy outcomes and cataracts. Population exposure to biomass fuels, including wood, varies among countries and from one fuel source to the other. This study aimed to investigate the different sources of HAP in peri-urban and rural communities in Cameroon.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a representative sample of households from the Dschang Health District ( DHD) region. This included 848 homes in which a range of fuels for cooking including biomass (firewood, charcoal, sawdust), kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) were used both indoors and outdoors.Results: Of the study households, 651 (77%) reported exclusive use of firewood and 141 (17%) reported using more than one source of fuel. Exclusive use of firewood was greater in rural communities (94%) than in peri-urban communities (38%). In peri-urban communites, use of multiple fuels including LPG, wood, sawdust and kerosene, was more common (44.75%). A total of 25.03% of households in both peri-urban and rural communities reported using bottled gas (or liquified petroleum gas (LPG) for cooking. Motivations for choice of fuel included, price, availability (easy access), rapidity, tradition or culture related factors.Conclusions: Work to help households (especially those who are resource poor) to adopt LPG equipment for cooking, and use in a more exclusive way is required. Education could help address some of the concerns over the use of LPG.

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Section: Factors Influencing the Choice Of Fuel Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of sources of household air pollution: a cross-sectional study in Cameroon.

Baame¹,

Goura²,

Mbatchou

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Respiratory disease is one of the leading causes of death in Nepal, causing more deaths annually than the diseases used as SD indicators in MDG 6 (tuberculosis, malaria and HIV/AIDS) [79,80]. Women and children generally spend more time than men near cook stoves, and the pollution disproportionately impacts women and young children [71,79]. Furthermore, firewood (and water) collection in many areas takes up a considerable amount of time, leaving limited time for women and girls for education and income-generating activities [81,82].…”

Section: Co 2 Emissions and Energy Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of studies in Nepal have shown a strong correlation between particulate matter from traditional cook stoves and diseases like acute lower respiratory infection, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder [78,79]. Respiratory disease is one of the leading causes of death in Nepal, causing more deaths annually than the diseases used as SD indicators in MDG 6 (tuberculosis, malaria and HIV/AIDS) [79,80].…”

Section: Co 2 Emissions and Energy Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Review of the Millennium Project in Nepal

Vaidya

Mayer

2016

Sustainability

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"Our Common Future" harmonized development policies around a new sustainable development (SD) paradigm, and experts also emphasize the importance of a democratic and equitable approach to define and achieve sustainable development. However, SD targets and indicators are often defined by a suite of experts or a few stakeholder groups, far removed from on-the-ground conditions. The most common expert-led development framework, the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), promoted one set of targets and indicators for all developing countries. While progress towards these targets was routinely reported at the national scale, these targets may not reflect context-specific sustainable development. We evaluated the relevance and comprehensiveness of MDG 7 (environmental sustainability) for Nepal. Although Nepal has met most of the MDG 7 (e.g., forest cover, protected areas coverage, water and sanitation), on closer inspection these indicators do not provide adequate context for ensuring that these targets provide the intended levels of development. Simple forest cover and protected area indicators belie the dearth of ecological conservation on the ground, and water and sanitation indicators do not reflect the inequality of access based on poverty and regions. While the Millennium Development Goals align with broad sustainability concerns in Nepal, these indicators do not reveal its true development conditions.

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“…In a cross-sectional study of 841 rural Mexican women, use of biomass fuel was associated with increased risks of respiratory symptoms and higher kitchen particulate matter concentration, compared with gas fuel use [14]. In a community-based cross-sectional study involving 157 Nepalese housewives, the most frequently reported health problem related to household air pollution was tearing eyes, followed by breathlessness and productive coughing [15]. By comparing household air pollution concentration in 824 households in rural Nepal, average particulate matter less than 2.5 µm in diameter (PM 2.5 ) concentrations were lower in households using kerosene (169 µg/m 3 ), gas (101 µg/m 3 ), and electricity (80 µg/m 3 ), compared to households using solid fuels (656 µg/m 3 ) [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Types of Stove in Use and Respiratory and Eye Health of Nepal Rural Housewives: A Cross-Sectional Study

Han

Sanjel

Shakya

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BackgroundsHealth benefits of energy transition from solid fuels to cleaner fuels can be evaluated in field study of developing countries. Even a simple cross-sectional studies may be useful for estimation of the health benefits. This study was conducted in rural Nepal with the hypothesis that the gas stove and clean fuel users may have better respiratory and eye health compared to traditional stove and solid fuel users due to the low household air pollution levels.MethodsFrom July to August 2018, we recruited 90 housewives who resided in a rural Nepal village (Nuwakot District, Likhu Municipality). We conducted a questionnaire survey, physical examination, blood test, and 24-hour monitoring of particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) levels in kitchen. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association of types of stove used in kitchens with respiratory and eye symptoms in housewives.ResultsOf 90 participants, 42 and 43 used traditional and gas stove as their primary stove, respectively. Over 28% and 75% of participants experienced mild to moderate airway obstruction and watery eye symptoms during cooking. The odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of chronic cough [0.30 (0.05, 1.86)], wheezing [0.30 (0.06, 1.49)], phlegm [0.36 (0.08, 1.53)], shortness of breath [0.81 (0.31, 2.09)], high chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test scores [0.36 (0.10, 1.30)], and watery eye symptoms during cooking [0.14 (0.04, 0.51)] were lower in gas stove users compared to the traditional stove users. The average 24-hour kitchen PM2.5 concentrations were lower in gas stove user houses (11 μg/m3) than in traditional stove user houses (33 μg/m3).ConclusionsGas stove and clean fuel use may be beneficial for reducing eye discomfort during cooking. Further longitudinal and intervention studies are needed to conclude whether the transition from solid fuels to cleaner fuels will be beneficial for the respiratory and eye health of Nepalese housewives.

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Consequence of Indoor Air Pollution in Rural Area of Nepal: A Simplified Measurement Approach

Cited by 45 publications

References 24 publications

Distribution of sources of household air pollution: a cross-sectional study in Cameroon.

Distribution of sources of household air pollution: a cross-sectional study in Cameroon.

Critical Review of the Millennium Project in Nepal

Types of Stove in Use and Respiratory and Eye Health of Nepal Rural Housewives: A Cross-Sectional Study

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