Consequences for Victims

McDevitt, Jack; Balboni, Jennifer M.; García, Luis Bouza; Gu, Joann

doi:10.1177/0002764201045004010

Cited by 68 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The first of these is a feeling of safety. An increased fear of repeat victimisation is a natural response to a victimisation experience and is an outcome noted in many hate crime studies (Botcherby et al, 2011;McDevitt et al, 2001;Smith et al, 2012). While a certain level of fear of crime is beneficial to safety -encouraging awareness and concern about crime -extreme feelings of unsafety can be detrimental to the functioning of both the individual and the neighbourhood in which they live.…”

Section: The Present Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The harms of hate

Benier

2017

International Review of Victimology

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Studies have demonstrated that hate crime victimisation has harmful effects for individuals. Victims of hate crime report anger, nervousness, feeling unsafe, poor concentration and loss of selfconfidence. While victims of non-hate crimes report similar feelings, harm is intensified for hate crime victims due to the targeted nature of the incident. While there is some evidence that experiencing or even witnessing hate crime may have a detrimental effect on residents' community life, the effects of being victim of a hate crime inside one's own neighbourhood remain unstudied. Using census data combined with survey data from 4396 residents living across 148 neighbourhoods in Brisbane, Australia, this study examines whether residents who report hate crime within their own neighbourhood differ in their participation in community life when compared to victims of non-hate crime or those who have not been victimised. This is the first study to focus on victims' views on: how welcoming their neighbourhood is to ethnic diversity; their attachment to their neighbourhood; their frequency of social interactions with neighbours; their number of friends and acquaintances in the neighbourhood; and their fear of crime. Results from propensity score matching (PSM) indicate that there are important differences in patterns of neighbourhood participation across these three groups.

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Section: The Present Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The harms of hate

Benier

2017

International Review of Victimology

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“…Strong support for hate-crime legislation also exists due to the psychological trauma that victims suffer, which suggests offenders deserve more punishment for inflicting this type of harm (Gerstenfeld, 2011). Research suggests that victims of hate crimes suffer from higher levels of depression, anxiety, fear and anger than victims of non-bias-motivated crimes (e.g., Herek, Gillis, & Cogan, 1999;McDevitt, Balboni, Garcia, & Gu, 2001;Sullaway, 2004). Furthermore, Noelle (2002) investigated the impact of Matthew Shepard's murder (a victim of a sexual orientation bias-motivated crime) on other gays, lesbians, and bisexuals and found a significant amount of the individuals interviewed were negatively affected by a murder of someone they did not personally know, but identified with due to shared minority status.…”

Section: Support and Opposition Of Hate-crime Lawsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Attitudes About Hate: Development of the Hate Crime Beliefs Scale

Cabeldue

Cramer

Kehn

et al. 2016

J Interpers Violence

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Employing the federal Hate Crimes Prevention Act (HCPA) of 2009 and other such legislation as a backdrop, the present study evaluated the nature of beliefs about hate-crime legislation, offenders, and victims. In addition, it investigated construct validity (i.e., political beliefs and prejudice) and predictive validity (i.e., blame attribution and sentencing recommendations). A total of 403 U.S. adults completed measures of prejudice and an initial pool of 50 items forming the proposed Hate Crime Beliefs Scale (HCBS). Participants were randomly assigned to read one of four hate-crime vignettes, which varied in regard to type of prejudice (racial-, sexual orientation-, transgender-, and religion-based prejudices) and then responded to blame and sentencing questions. Factor analyses of the HCBS resulted in four sub-scales: Negative Views (i.e., higher scores reflect negative views of legislation and minority group protection), Offender Punishment (i.e., higher scores suggest endorsement of greater punishment), Deterrence (i.e., greater scores denote support for hate-crime legislation as a deterrent of more violence), and Victim Harm (i.e., higher scores reflect pro-victim attitudes). Greater pro-legislation and pro-victim beliefs were related to liberal political beliefs and less prejudicial attitudes, with some exceptions. Controlling for a number of demographic, situational, and attitudinal covariates, the Negative Views sub-scale displayed predictive utility, such that more negative views of legislation/minority group protection were associated with elevated victim blame, as well as lower perpetrator blame and sentencing recommendations. Results are discussed in the context of hate-crime research and policy, with additional implications considered for trial strategy, modern prejudice, and blame attribution theory.

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“…For example, Perry (2001) states that power hierarchies and power dynamics in society are based on dominance over "difference" (e.g., difference pertaining to gender, race, sexuality, and class). PMC victims are often targeted because of a central element of their identity and such risk factors for victimization lead to greater and more harmful consequences for victims and minority groups (see, e.g., Blazak, 2011;Gan et al, 2011;Lawrence, 1999;McDevitt et al, 2001;Perry & Alvi, 2012).…”

Section: Risk Factors Of Victimization and Impact Of Victim Status Onmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Victimization and the Impact of Victim Status on Perceptions of Police Legitimacy in Australia

Wiedlitzka

2020

Victims & Offenders

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Previous research highlights that important differences exist between victim groups, but the impact victim status can have on perceptions of police legitimacy remains underexplored. The following paper contributes to this body of literature by utilizing the National Security and Preparedness Survey (NSPS, 2011-2012) to explore the risk/protective factors for victimization and differences between prejudice motivated crime (PMC) victims, non-PMC victims and non-victims in the Australian context, using Multinomial Logit Regression models. This study provides new insights into key differences between victim groups and perceptions of government and police legitimacy in the victimization context.

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Consequences for Victims

Cited by 68 publications

References 17 publications

The harms of hate

The harms of hate

Measuring Attitudes About Hate: Development of the Hate Crime Beliefs Scale

Risk Factors for Victimization and the Impact of Victim Status on Perceptions of Police Legitimacy in Australia

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