Consequences of calcium interactions with phytate and phytase for poultry and pigs

Optimizing phosphorus (P) utilization in pigs requires improving our capacity to predict the amount of P absorbed and retained, with the main modulating factors taken into account, as well as precisely determining the P requirements of the animals. Given the large amount of published data on P utilization in pigs, a meta-analysis was performed to quantify the impact of the different dietary P forms, calcium (Ca) and exogenous phytases on the digestive and metabolic utilization criteria for dietary P in growing pigs. Accordingly, the amount of phytate P (PP) leading to digestible P (g/kg) was estimated to be 21%, compared with 73% for non-phytate P (NPP) from plant ingredients and 80% for NPP from mineral and animal ingredients ( P , 0.001). The increase in total digestible dietary P following the addition of microbial phytase (PhytM) from Aspergillus niger ( P , 0.001) was curvilinear and about two times higher than the increase following the addition of plant phytase, which leads to a linear response ( P , 0.001). The response of digestible P to PhytM also depends on the amount of substrate, PP (PhytM 2 3 PP, P , 0.001). The digestibility of dietary P decreased with dietary Ca concentration ( P , 0.01) independently of phytase but increased with body weight (BW, P , 0.05). Although total digestible dietary P increased linearly with total NPP concentration ( P , 0.001), retained P (g/kg), average daily gain (ADG, g/day) and average daily feed intake (ADFI, g/day) increased curvilinearly ( P , 0.001). Interestingly, whereas dietary Ca negatively affected P digestibility, the effect of dietary Ca on retained P, ADG and ADFI depended on total dietary NPP (NPP 3 Ca, P , 0.01, P , 0.05 and P , 0.01, respectively). Increasing dietary Ca reduced retained P, ADG and ADFI at low NPP levels, but at higher NPP concentrations it had no effect on ADG and ADFI despite a positive effect on retained P. Although the curvilinear effect of PhytM on digestible P increased with PP ( P , 0.001), this effect was lessened by total NPP for ADG and ADFI (PhytM 3 NPP and PhytM 2 3 NPP, P , 0.05) and depended on both total NPP and Ca for retained P (PhytM 2 3 NPP 3 Ca, P , 0.01). This meta-analysis improves our understanding of P utilization, with major modulating factors taken into account. The information generated will be useful for the development of robust models to formulate environmentally friendly diets for growing pigs.Keywords: calcium, growing pigs, meta-analysis, phosphorus, phytase ImplicationsEnvironmental and economic concerns regarding phosphorus (P) in pig production demand a reduction in dietary P provision. This requires an improvement in our ability to predict the amount of calcium (Ca) and P absorbed and retained taking into account the main sources of variation. In this context, the present meta-analysis proposes a quantitative evaluation of the influence of dietary P sources, Ca concentration and phytase addition on pig response to dietary P. The relationship established in this work will represent a useful tool to f...

Section: Phosphorus Utilization In Pigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meta-analysis of phosphorus utilization by growing pigs: effect of dietary phosphorus, calcium and exogenous phytase

Létourneau-Montminy

Jondreville

Sauvant

et al. 2012

“…In poultry nutrition the interaction between calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) represents a complex relationship, which is not only broadly multifactorial but is also particularly influenced by vitamin D and phytase (Waldenstedt, 2006;Selle et al, 2009;Wilkinson et al, 2011). Ca and P are essential for biological processes and skeletal integrity (Rath et al, 2000;Selle et al, 2009;Veum, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ca and P are essential for biological processes and skeletal integrity (Rath et al, 2000;Selle et al, 2009;Veum, 2010). Commercial poultry diets are typically corn-and/or wheat-soya based, and contain relatively high levels of phytate-P, which has limited availability for poultry (Cowieson et al, 2004;Selle and Ravindran, 2007;Selle et al, 2009 and2011). Phytate carries a strong negative charge, and has a great affinity for certain divalent cations (Angel et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phytate carries a strong negative charge, and has a great affinity for certain divalent cations (Angel et al, 2002). Due to the high inclusion levels of Ca in the diet, Ca 2+ is the dominant cation in the diet and chelates with phytate, forming Ca-phytate complexes (Selle et al, 2009). The formation of Ca-phytate complexes reduces the bioavailability of both Ca and P. Limestone (calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 )) is the most common source of Ca in poultry diet and due to its high acid binding capacity CaCO 3 increases the gastrointestinal pH.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Nutritional geometry of calcium and phosphorus nutrition in broiler chicks. Growth performance, skeletal health and intake arrays

Bradbury

Wilkinson

Cronin

et al. 2014

The interaction between calcium (Ca) and non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) in broiler nutrition and skeletal health is highly complex with many factors influencing their digestion, absorption and utilisation. The use of an investigative model such as the geometric framework allows a graphical approach to explore these complex interactions. A total of 600 Ross 308-day-old male broiler chicks were allocated to one of 15 dietary treatments with five replicates and eight birds per replicate. Dietary treatments were formulated to one of three total densities of total Ca + nPP; high (15 g/kg), medium (13.5 g/kg) and low (12 g/kg) and at each density there were five different ratios of Ca : nPP (4, 2.75, 2.1, 1.5 and 1.14 : 1). Weekly performance data was collected and at the end of the experiment birds were individually weighed and the right leg removed for tibia ash analysis. Skeletal health was assessed using the latency to lie (LTL) at day 27. At low Ca and high nPP as well as high Ca and low nPP diets, birds had reduced feed intake, BW gain, poorer feed efficiency and lower tibia ash, resulting in a significant interaction between dietary Ca and nPP (P < 0.05). LTL times were negatively influenced by diets having either a broad ratio (high Ca, low nPP) or too narrow a ratio (low Ca, high nPP) indicating that shorter LTL times may be influenced by the ratio of Ca : nPP rather than absolute concentrations of either mineral. The calculated intake arrays show that broilers more closely regulate Ca intake than nPP intake. Broilers are willing to over consume nPP to defend a Ca intake target more so than they are willing to over consume Ca to defend an nPP target. Overall dietary nPP was more influential on performance metrics, however, from the data it may appear that birds prioritise Ca intake over nPP and broadly ate to meet this requirement. As broilers are more willing to eat to a Ca intake target rather than an nPP intake target, this emphasises the importance of formulating diets to a accurately balanced density of Ca : nPP considering the biological importance of both minerals.

“…The amount of Ca and nPP in poultry diets has both nutritional and economic implications. Excess dietary Ca impedes the availability of other minerals such as P, magnesium, manganese and zinc and may also reduce the energy value of the diet (Driver et al, 2005;Selle et al, 2009). Decreasing dietary Ca concentrations may improve bird performance, P and nutrient digestibility; however, this may also lead to increased leg health problems (Wilkinson et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional geometry of calcium and phosphorus nutrition in broiler chicks. The effect of different dietary calcium and phosphorus concentrations and ratios on nutrient digestibility

Wilkinson

Bradbury

Thomson

et al. 2014

A total of 600 Ross 308-day-old male broiler chicks were used in a 28 day digestibility study to investigate the interaction between dietary calcium (Ca) and non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) on the digestibility of minerals and amino acids. Diets were formulated to be nutritionally adequate except for Ca and nPP. Fifteen mash diets based on corn and soya bean meal with varying concentrations of Ca (6.4 to 12.0 g/kg) and nPP (2.4 to 7.0 g/kg) were used. Diets were clustered around total densities of Ca and nPP of 12, 13.5 or 15.0 (g/kg) and within each density, a range of five Ca : nPP ratios (1.14 : 1, 1.5 : 1, 2.0 : 1, 2.75 : 1 and 4.0 : 1) were fed. Birds had free access to feed and water throughout the study. At day 28, birds were euthanised for the determination of apparent ileal mineral and amino acid digestibility. Data were modelled in R version 2.15 using a linear mixed-effects model and interrogation of the data was performed by fitting a low order polynomial function. At high Ca concentrations, increasing nPP led to an increase in the apparent digestibility of minerals. Apparent ileal digestibility of phosphorus (P) was enhanced with increasing dietary nPP up to 5.5 g/kg beyond which no improvements were found. Maximal Ca digestibility was found in diets with > 8.0 g/kg Ca with concomitant low concentrations of nPP. Diets with a broader Ca : nPP ratio improved the digestibility of Ca but were deleterious to the digestibility of P. In this study, apparent digestibility of amino acids was broadly unaffected by dietary Ca and nPP concentrations. However, interactions between Ca and nPP were observed for the digestibility of glutamine, tyrosine and methionine (all P < 0.001). Nitrogen digestibility showed discrete optima around 10.0 and 5.0 g/kg nPP and Na digestibility was maximised around 8 to 9.0 g/kg Ca and 4.5 to 5.4 g/kg nPP. These data show that the ratio of Ca : nPP is more influential to mineral digestibility than the absolute dietary concentration of each macro mineral.