Consequences of COVID-19–related lockdowns and reopenings on emergency hospitalizations in pediatric patients in Denmark during 2020–2021

Abstract

There is a considerable burden of children being hospitalized due to infectious diseases worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic provided a unique opportunity to examine effects of worldwide efforts to control spread of infection. We aimed to investigate overall age-specific hospitalizations due to viral and bacterial infections and diseases triggered by respiratory tract infections during and after lockdown. This nationwide register–based observational study included children from 29 days to 17 years old hospitalized in all Danish pediatric emergency departments during the years 2015–2021. Main outcomes were ICD-10 diagnoses for infectious diseases and infection triggered illnesses. Fluctuations in hospitalization events were explored using figures with weekly events per 100,000. Total events followed a predictable pattern during 2015–2019. In 2020–2021, there was a drop in hospital encounters after lockdowns and surge after reopenings. In 2021, there was a surge of hospital encounters in the late summer due to respiratory syncytial virus infections and asthmatic bronchitis mostly in infants from 29 days to 2 years. For the infectious diseases, there was a dramatic decrease in events after lockdowns and immediate increase in cases that followed the same pattern of previous years after reopenings. Bacterial infections, like urinary tract infections, sepsis, and meningitis followed a steady pattern throughout all calendar-years. Conclusions : Nationwide efforts to minimize infectious disease spread like lockdowns have a preventative and period lasting effect but reopenings/reunions result in surges of infectious diseases. This might be due to children not getting immunized steadily thereby increasing the pool of possible hosts for potential viral infections. What is Known: • There is a seasonal fluctuation in viral/respiratory infections in children with higher infection rates in the winter and lower rates in the summer. • RSV infection is a major source of concern. What is New: • Major lockdowns and reopenings disrupt the seasonal fluctuations which can result in high surges in infections that increases the burden of children emergency departments and the risk of serious complications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00431-022-04682-7.

Pathogenicity and virulence of human adenovirus F41: Possible links to severe hepatitis in children

“…Obviously, this could have contributed to the hepatitis. It is notable that an increase in childhood infection, generally, has occurred after the end of COVID-19 restrictions (for example [ 192 , 193 ] [ 194–196 ]). This has been most pronounced among young children.…”