Consequences of physical abuse and neglect in children

Ammerman, Robert T.; Cassisi, Jeffrey E.; Hersen, Michel; Hasselt, Vincent B. Van

doi:10.1016/0272-7358(86)90003-6

Cited by 125 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…In addition, early-life stress may impact the hippocampus to a greater degree than stress later in life. 2,4,9 For example, early-life neglect or abuse have been correlated with reduced hippocampal volume, 66 as well as reduced cognitive function 67 that may emerge later in life. 61 However, human studies, including those cited here, are correlational, posing the difficulty of dissecting out the specific effects of stress from those of genetic background and many other confounding variables.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of hippocampal activation by acute stress are age-dependent

et al. 2006

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The effects of stress, including their putative contribution to pathological psychiatric conditions, are crucially governed by the age at which the stress takes place. However, the cellular and molecular foundations for the impact of stress on neuronal function, and their change with age, are unknown. For example, it is not known whether 'psychological' stress signals are perceived by similar neuronal populations at different ages, and whether they activate similar or age-specific signaling pathways that might then mediate the spectrum of stress-evoked neuronal changes. We employed restraint and restraint/noise stress to address these issues in juvenile (postnatal day 18, [P18]) and adult rats, and used phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB (pCREB) and induction of c-fos as markers of hippocampal neuronal responses. Stress-activated neuronal populations were identified both anatomically and biochemically, and selective blockers of the stress-activated hippocampal peptide, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) were used to probe the role of this molecule in stressinduced hippocampal cell activation. Stress evoked strikingly different neuronal response patterns in immature vs adult hippocampus. Expression of pCREB appeared within minutes in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells of P18 rats, followed by delayed induction of Fos protein in the same cell population. In contrast, basal pCREB levels were high in adult hippocampus and were not altered at 10-120 min by stress. Whereas Fos induction was elicited by stress in the adult, it was essentially confined to area CA1, with little induction in CA3. At both age groups, central pretreatment with either a nonselective blocker of CRH receptors or the CRF 1 -selective antagonist, NBI 30775, abolished stress-evoked neuronal activation. In conclusion, hippocampal neuronal responses to psychological stress are generally more rapid and robust in juvenile rats, compared to fully mature adults, and at both ages, CRH plays a key role in this process. Enhanced hippocampal response to stress during development, and particularly the activation of the transcription factor CREB, may contribute to the enduring effects of stress during this period on hippocampal function.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of hippocampal activation by acute stress are age-dependent

et al. 2006

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“…Whereas acute mild stress rapidly enhances synaptic efficacy and learning and memory processes [131,45,91,123], chronic or severe activation of the stress response early in life has been shown to be potentially injurious in both humans [6,120,147] and experimental animals [120,31]. For example, severe childhood psychological stress (neglect and abuse) correlates with a higher incidence of learning disabilities later in life, including those learning and memory functions requiring an intact hippocampus [121,50].…”

Section: Studying Early-life Stress May Be Used To Probe the Moleculamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These effects may manifest in impaired, or progressively deteriorating cognitive performance [98,18]. In addition, they may be evident already during early adult life [66], or emerge later in life [6,74,83,31]. These enduring and potentially progressive effects of chronic early-life stress on hippocampal function may thus contribute substantially to the burden of human cognitive dysfunction.…”

Section: Enduring Effects Of Early-life Stress On Developing Hippocampusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hippocampal neuroplasticity induced by early-life stress: Functional and molecular aspects

Fenoglio¹,

Brunson²,

Baram³

2006

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

192

138

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Whereas genetic factors contribute crucially to brain function, early-life events, including stress, exert long-lasting influence on neuronal function. Here, we focus on the hippocampus as the target of these early-life events because of its crucial role in learning and memory. Using a novel immaturerodent model, we describe the deleterious consequences of chronic early-life 'psychological' stress on hippocampus-dependent cognitive tasks. We review the cellular mechanisms involved and discuss the roles of stress-mediating molecules, including corticotropin releasing hormone, in the process by which stress impacts the structure and function of hippocampal neurons. KeywordsNeonatal; Rat; Human; Stress; Memory; Hippocampus; Corticotropin releasing hormone; CRF; Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis; Neuroplasticity Early-life events interact with genetic factors to influence hippocampal function long-termBrain function and dysfunction throughout life are determined by the interaction of genetic factors with 'acquired' environmental events, signals and stimuli [100]. Events that occur early in life are capable of exerting effects that persist throughout adulthood. Here, we focus on the hippocampus as the target of these early-life events because of its crucial role in learning, memory storage and retrieval, and general cognitive function [105,41,65]. Indeed, early-life events, via complex interactions with genetic factors [106,120], have been suspected to be a major determinant of smaller hippocampal volume and long-term cognitive dysfunction in preterm infants [111,17] and may play a role in certain affective and dementing disorders in the adult and aging human [100,26,120]. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which certain early-life events influence populations of hippocampal neurons acutely, and impact the function and integrity of the hippocampus long-term. Studying early-life stress may be used to probe the molecular mechanisms involved in experience-evoked hippocampal neuroplasticityStress may provide a salient example of early-life experience that might exert long-lasting influence on the brain, because (1) over 50% of the world's children are exposed to stress [139] and (2) evidence from both human and animal studies suggests that early-life stress has profound effects on cognitive function and emotional health.Stress has been shown to influence the hippocampus in a number of important ways. Whereas acute mild stress rapidly enhances synaptic efficacy and learning and memory processes [131,45,91,123], chronic or severe activation of the stress response early in life has been shown to be potentially injurious in both humans [6,120,147] and experimental animals [120,31]. For example, severe childhood psychological stress (neglect and abuse) correlates with a higher incidence of learning disabilities later in life, including those learning and memory functions requiring an intact hippocampus [121,50]. Further, MRI studies have suggested that adults subjected to abuse (a measure of chronic stress) ...

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“…This suggests that there may not be a bias to over-pathologize the social functioning of the abused children, even though there is research evidence that some maltreated children do exhibit problems in social behavior (Ammerman, Cassisi, Hersen, & Van Hasselt, 1986;Conaway & Hansen, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nearly a third of the subjects reported that their ratings were infl uenced by factors that were not directly presented in the vignettes (e.g., parental involvement, home life). While problems assumed by professionals for abused children (e.g., internalizing problems) might refl ect problems documented in the literature (Ammerman, Cassisi, Hersen, & Van Hasselt, 1986;Egeland, Sroufe, & Erickson, 1983;Friedrich & Einbender, 1983), these problems should be viewed as a guide for assessment and screening, rather than as defi nitive qualities of all maltreated children. Ratings that assume problems in the absence of direct evidence refl ect a failure to acknowledge the fact that some children may be buffered from the negative effects of abuse (Ammerman et al, 1986;Conaway & Hansen, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of information related to child physical abuse on professional ratings of adjustment and prognosis

DeRoma¹,

Hansen

Tishelman

et al. 1997

Child Abuse & Neglect

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Consequences of physical abuse and neglect in children

Cited by 125 publications

References 62 publications

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of hippocampal activation by acute stress are age-dependent

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of hippocampal activation by acute stress are age-dependent

Hippocampal neuroplasticity induced by early-life stress: Functional and molecular aspects

Influence of information related to child physical abuse on professional ratings of adjustment and prognosis

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