Consequences of repeated ethanol exposure during early or late adolescence on conditioned taste aversions in rats

Saalfield, Jessica; Spear, Linda P.

doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.01.004

Cited by 34 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Enhanced sensitivity to these desired effects of EtOH could serve to promote EtOH consumption in adulthood. Similar retentions of adolescent-like responses to EtOH after adolescent EtOH exposure are also evident in terms of adolescent-typical insensitivities to sedative, motor impairing, and aversive effects of EtOH (White et al, 2002; Diaz-Granados & Graham, 2007; Matthews et al, 2008; Quiolin et al, 2012; Saalfield & Spear, 2015). To the extent that these measures serve in part as feedback cues to moderate intake, retention of adolescent-typical insensitivities to these cues could serve to increase capacity for the maintenance of elevated drinking in adulthood after adolescent EtOH exposure.…”

Section: Alcoholmentioning

confidence: 80%

Consequences of adolescent use of alcohol and other drugs: Studies using rodent models

Spear

2016

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

140

112

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Studies using animal models of adolescent exposure to alcohol, nicotine, cannabinoids, and the stimulants cocaine, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethampethamine and methamphetamine have revealed a variety of persisting neural and behavioral consequences. Affected brain regions often include mesolimbic and prefrontal regions undergoing notable ontogenetic change during adolescence, although it is unclear whether this represents areas of specific vulnerability or particular scrutiny to date. Persisting alterations in forebrain systems critical for modulating reward, socioemotional processing and cognition have emerged, including apparent induction of a hyper-dopaminergic state with some drugs and/or attenuations in neurons expressing cholinergic markers. Disruptions in cognitive functions such as working memory, alterations in affect including increases in social anxiety, and mixed evidence for increases in later drug self-administration have also been reported. When consequences of adolescent and adult exposure were compared, adolescents were generally found to be more vulnerable to alcohol, nicotine, and cannabinoids, but generally not to stimulants. More work is needed to determine how adolescent drug exposure influences sculpting of the adolescent brain, and provide approaches to prevent/reverse these effects.

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Section: Alcoholmentioning

confidence: 80%

Consequences of adolescent use of alcohol and other drugs: Studies using rodent models

Spear

2016

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

140

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In Experiment 1, in contrast to much of the CTA literature (Anderson et al, 2010; Morales & Spear, 2013; Saalfield & Spear, 2015; Schramm-Sapyta et al, 2010), few notable age differences emerged, with animals at all ages exhibited relatively high baseline intake of the CS even though animals were not fluid restricted, likely due to the highly palatable and caloric nature of the CS, Boost® (see Table 1). It is possible that this high CS palatability could have influenced the ontogenetic patterns observed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Separating the animals in this way allowed for measurement of individual consumption without the stress of isolate housing, and has been used previously in our laboratory (e.g. Anderson, Varlinskaya and Spear, 2010; Saalfield and Spear, 2015). At the onset of training on conditioning day, each animal was provided with one bottle containing chocolate Boost®.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ontogeny of ethanol aversion

Saalfield

Spear

2016

Physiology & Behavior

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Recent work has suggested separate developmental periods within the broader framework of adolescence, with data suggesting distinct alterations and vulnerabilities within these intervals. While previous research has suggested reduced sensitivity to the aversive effects of alcohol in adolescence relative to adults, a more detailed ontogeny of this effect has yet to be conducted. The adolescent brain undergoes significant transitions throughout adolescence, including in regions linked with drug reward and aversion. The current study aimed to determine the ontogeny of ethanol aversion by utilizing a conditioned taste aversion procedure at six different ages to test the hypothesis that the transitions into, through, and out of adolescence are associated with ontogenetic alterations in sensitivity to the aversive properties of ethanol. Non-deprived animals given Boost® as the conditioned stimulus (CS) were used in Experiment 1, whereas Experiment 2 used water-restricted animals provided with a saccharin/sucrose solution as the CS. In both experiments, an attenuated sensitivity to the aversive properties of ethanol was evident in adolescents compared to adults, although more age differences were apparent in water deprived animals than when a highly palatable CS was given to ad libitum animals. Overall, the data suggest an attenuated sensitivity to the aversive properties of ethanol that is most pronounced during pre- and early adolescence, declining thereafter to reach the enhanced aversive sensitivity of adults.

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“…In naïve rats, alcohol is an aversive outcome that will drive aversive learning (Anderson, Varlinskaya, & Spear, 2010; Cunningham, 1981; Philpot, Badanich, & Kirstein, 2003; Saalfield & Spear, 2015). As a result, cues associated with alcohol will acquire aversive properties and will be avoided.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol gains access to appetitive learning through adolescent heavy drinking.

DiLeo¹,

Wright²,

Mangone³

et al. 2015

Behavioral Neuroscience

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Adolescent heavy alcohol drinking increases the risk for alcohol use disorders in adulthood, yet mechanisms conferring increased risk are not well understood. We propose that adolescent alcohol drinking shapes alcohol’s aversive or appetitive properties in adulthood. Alcohol normally drives aversive learning and alcohol-predictive cues are avoided. We hypothesize that through adolescent heavy drinking alcohol gains access to appetitive learning. A primary consequence is that alcohol-predictive cues become valued and sought out. To test this hypothesis, we gave genetically heterogeneous, male Long Evans rats voluntary, chronic intermittent access to water or alcohol throughout adolescence and then identified moderate and heavy alcohol drinkers. After a short abstinence period, we assessed the aversive or appetitive properties of alcohol using flavor learning procedures. We compared alcohol to the known appetitive properties of sugar. Flavor learning in adult rats who were alcohol-naïve or adolescent moderate alcohol drinkers revealed alcohol to be aversive and sugar to be appetitive. The same flavor learning procedures revealed both alcohol and sugar to be appetitive in adult rats who were adolescent heavy drinkers. The results demonstrate that alcohol gains access to neurobehavioral circuits for appetitive learning through adolescent heavy alcohol drinking.

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Consequences of repeated ethanol exposure during early or late adolescence on conditioned taste aversions in rats

Cited by 34 publications

References 63 publications

Consequences of adolescent use of alcohol and other drugs: Studies using rodent models

Consequences of adolescent use of alcohol and other drugs: Studies using rodent models

The ontogeny of ethanol aversion

Alcohol gains access to appetitive learning through adolescent heavy drinking.

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