Consequences of serial cortical, hippocampal, and thalamic lesions and of different lengths of overtraining on the acquisition and retention of learning tasks.

Markowitsch, Hans J.; Kessler, Josef; Streicher, Maria

doi:10.1037/0735-7044.99.2.233

Cited by 44 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…There are a number of other personality factors, such as extraversionlintroversion, mood states and genetic variants (Markowitsch, 1988) and demographic variables (Meier et al, 1987) which are all of influence in determining the prognosis after brain damage. Personality factors may be of special influence in cases with progressive degenerative diseases (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease) as there is frequently an interaction between intellectual decline, altered mood, changed biorhythms and even psychotic states.…”

Section: Other Personality Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…closed head injury versus glioma), will influence and determine the prognosis of the individual. We all know of the major hypotheses used to 'explain' the dynamic neuronal and behavioural changes after brain injury (von Cram on, 1990;Feeney and Baron, 1986;Kaas, 1991;Markowitsch et al, 1985;Meyer, 1973;Rothi and Horner, 1983). Of these, spontaneous recovery of cognitive functions is very limited, both qualitatively and in time.…”

Section: Anatomical Variables Influencing the Psychological Outcomementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mismatch data from multiple sclerosis patients could be explained by this mechanism. The serial-lesion argument is also suited to highlight the role of so-called 'nodal-points' of cognitive information processing (Markowitsch, 1988). This is exemplified by a follow-up study on a patient who after his right-brain infarction of the anterior thalamus had no detectable neuropsychological anomalies, although two years later he suffered from persistent anterograde amnesia after a further, left anterior-thalamic, infarction (Calabrese, 1996).…”

Section: Factorial Interaction As An Explanation For Mismatchesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is a frequently described fact that one and the same kind of measurable brain damage mayor may not lead to functional impairments of a given kind, thereby questioning the possibility of structure-function relationships (Markowitsch, 1984). This puzzle can, however usually be solved when all major factors, determining structure-function bonds, are taken into account (von Cramon and Markowitsch, 1992;Markowitsch, 1988). Such factors have been mentioned above (e.g.…”

Section: Factorial Interaction As An Explanation For Mismatchesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vol9 • 1996 45 Then we will focus on functional-anatomical factors which are to be considered in the interpretation of structure-function relationships. This will be done cursorily as there is a large amount of literature covering this field in general and in detail (von Cramon, 1990;Markowitsch, 1988;Meier et at., 1987;Schneider, 1979). Finally, in a third concluding section we try to illustrate how all the aforementioned variables may influence each other.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Commonalities and Discrepancies in the Relationships between Behavioural Outcome and the Results of Neuroimaging in Brain-Damaged Patients

Markowitsch

Calabrese

1996

Behavioural Neurology

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Variables which are of influence in establishing clear predictions of neuropsychological alterations from neuroradiological data (and vice versa) are documented and discussed. It is concluded that personality factors and the kind and locus of brain lesions are the most crucial determinants. The locus of the brain damage may have cumulative effects either when it is situated in a strategic place (usually within the white matter, affecting interneuronal communication) or when various types of lesions appear superimposed (combination of focal and diffuse lesions). Consequently, the consideration of the patient's personality background and of as many neuropsychological facts as possible may considerably increase the validity of outcome predictions. When static or dynamic neuroimaging fails to show abnormalities in spite of obvious psychological alterations, an intensive neuropsychological documentation may even replace neuroradiology. Keywords: Brain damage -Magnetic resonance imaging -Computer tomography -Neuropsychological assessment INTRODUCTIONThe availability of cranial computer tomography (CT) has revolutionized the diagnostic power for patients with brain damage, and the subsequent appearance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging has further increased and refined the power of relating brain tissue changes to behavioural alterations. Nevertheless, there are numerous case reports in which neuroimaging and neuropsychological data indicate a different prognosis, thereby leading to an improper rehabilitation treatment of the patient.Part of the discrepancy may be explained by the false assumption of linear relationships between lesion size and behavioural outcome (e.g. Irle, 1987Irle, , 1990Grafman et al., 1986), but other parts are most likely due to insensitive measurement on the imaging or the psychological level. Alesch et al. (1991), for instance, found that CT is quite insensitive to the identification of lymphomas although gliomas are readily detected. Similarly, although subdural empyemas and most sterile effusions and chronic subdural haematomas appear similar in CT scans, they are (~ 1996 Rapid Science Publishers much more readily distinguishable on the basis of signal intensity differences in MRI (Takamura et al., 1995);and Kertesz et al. (1987) concluded from their analyses that MRI surpasses CT scanning in the early detection of cerebral infarcts. CT on the other hand should be the method of choice to rule out intracerebral bleeding when a patient is screened initially. For detecting anatomical correlates of abnormal behavioural functioning, such as in psychogenic amnesia, conventional static imaging techniques have been useless up to now, although dynamic methods, such as PET imaging, may reveal cerebral blood flow changes indicative of abnormal processing (Amsterdam and Mozley, 1992;Markus et al., 1992).Congruence and incongruence of neuropsychology and neuroradiology are the topics of this commentary. We will first illustr...

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Section: Other Personality Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Anatomical Variables Influencing the Psychological Outcomementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Factorial Interaction As An Explanation For Mismatchesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Factorial Interaction As An Explanation For Mismatchesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Commonalities and Discrepancies in the Relationships between Behavioural Outcome and the Results of Neuroimaging in Brain-Damaged Patients

Markowitsch

Calabrese

1996

Behavioural Neurology

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Retention of the “first-trial effect” in gait-slip among community-living older adults

et al. 2017

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"First-trial effect" characterizes the rapid adaptive behavior that changes the performance outcome (from fall to non-fall) after merely a single exposure to postural disturbance. The purpose of this study was to investigate how long the first-trial effect could last. Seventy-five (≥ 65 years) community-dwelling older adults, who were protected by an overhead full body harness system, were retested for a single slip 6-12 months after their initial exposure to a single gait-slip. Subjects' body kinematics that was used to compute their proactive (feedforward) and reactive (feedback) control of stability was recorded by an eight-camera motion analysis system. We found the laboratory falls of subjects on their retest slip were significantly lower than that on the novel initial slip, and the reactive stability of these subjects was also significantly improved. However, the proactive stability of subjects remains unchanged between their initial slip and retest slip. The fall rates and stability control had no difference among the 6-, 9-, and 12-month retest groups, which indicated a maximum retention on 12 months after a single slip in the laboratory. These results highlighted the importance of the "first-trial effect" and suggested that perturbation training is effective for fall prevention, with lower trial doses for a long period (up to 1 year). Therefore, single slip training might benefit those older adults who could not tolerate larger doses in reality.

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Diencephalic amnesia: a reorientation towards tracts?

Markowitsch¹

1988

Brain Research

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The principal thalamic and hypothalamic structures implicated in mnemonic information processing are the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, the pulvinar, anterior thalamus, and laterodorsal nucleus, the mamillary body, and the mamillothalamic tract and internal medullary lamina. Determining the contribution of an individual region in memory is quite difficult as it is nearly impossible to find a circumscribed damage of only one region. On the contrary, some illnesses affecting primarily the diencephalon, such as Korsakoff's disease, tend to involve several structures together. Furthermore, even when cases with similar circumscribed diencephalic damage can be found, these will not necessarily demonstrate the same outcome on the behavioral level. Therefore, the role or contribution of individual memory-related diencephalic structures has to be inferred by comparing a number of cases and by then extracting distinct features common to a given group. Such an approach revealed that the contributions of the two fiber systems mentioned above, mamillothalamic tract and internal medullary lamina, might be more important in processing information long-term than had been acknowledged previously and might be more important than that of the nuclear masses mentioned, especially of the mediodorsal thalamus. This outcome underlines the view that emphasizing interactions between brain regions rather than single static masses will provide a more realistic picture of how the nervous system acts in information processing.

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Consequences of serial cortical, hippocampal, and thalamic lesions and of different lengths of overtraining on the acquisition and retention of learning tasks.

Cited by 44 publications

References 122 publications

Commonalities and Discrepancies in the Relationships between Behavioural Outcome and the Results of Neuroimaging in Brain-Damaged Patients

Commonalities and Discrepancies in the Relationships between Behavioural Outcome and the Results of Neuroimaging in Brain-Damaged Patients

Retention of the “first-trial effect” in gait-slip among community-living older adults

Diencephalic amnesia: a reorientation towards tracts?

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