Conservation and Sustainable Use of Grapevine Genetic Resources in the Caucasus and Northern Black Sea Region

Maghradze, D.; Failla, O.; Turok, J.; Amanov, M. A.; Avidzba, A.; Chkhartishvili, N.; Costantini, L.; Cornea, Valentina; Hausman, Jean-François; Gasparian, S.; Gogishvili, K.; Gorislavets, Svetlana; Maul, Erika; Melyan, G.; Pollulyakh, A.; Risovanaya, V.; Savin, G.; Scienza, A.; Smurigin, A.; Troshin, L. P.; Tsertsvadze, N.; Volynkin, Vladimir

doi:10.17660/actahortic.2009.827.23

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…The identity of each genotype was defined based on the analysis of 25 SSR markers and comparison of genetic profiles with almost eight thousand fingerprints documented in the JKI-SSR-marker database, the European Vitis Database and genetic profiles generated during COST Action FA1003 and bibliography. Three volumes of Armenian ampelographies (published in 1947, 1962, and 1981), three volumes of Russian ampelographies (published in 1946–1956, 1963–1970, and 1984), Caucasus and Northern Black Sea Region Ampelography (published in 2012) and Ampelography by Melyan et al (published in 2019), represented the most important sources [ 19 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ]. Analysis of collected Armenian gemplasm revealed the following main cases: (i) synonyms (different cultivar names, but identical fingerprints), (ii) homonyms (identical or very similar cultivar names, but different fingerprints), (iii) unique genotypes, and (iv) questionable accessions (confirmed trueness to type based on ampelographic descriptors.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic Diversity of Armenian Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Germplasm: Molecular Characterization and Parentage Analysis

Margaryan

Melyan

Röckel

et al. 2021

Biology

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Armenia is an important country of origin of cultivated Vitis vinifera subsp. vinifera and wild Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris and has played a key role in the long history of grape cultivation in the Southern Caucasus. The existence of immense grapevine biodiversity in a small territory is strongly linked with unique relief and diverse climate conditions assembled with millennium-lasting cultural and historical context. In the present in-depth study using 25 nSSR markers, 492 samples collected in old vineyards, home gardens, and private collections were genotyped. For verification of cultivar identity, the symbiotic approach combining genotypic and phenotypic characterization for each genotype was carried out. The study provided 221 unique varieties, including 5 mutants, from which 66 were widely grown, neglected or minor autochthonous grapevine varieties, 49 turned out to be new bred cultivars created within the national breeding programs mainly during Soviet Era and 34 were non-Armenian varieties with different countries of origin. No references and corresponding genetic profiles existed for 67 genotypes. Parentage analysis was performed inferring 62 trios with 53 out of them having not been previously reported and 185 half-kinships. Instability of grapevine cultivars was detected, showing allelic variants, with three and in rare cases four alleles at one loci. Obtained results have great importance and revealed that Armenia conserved an extensive grape genetic diversity despite geographical isolation and low material exchange. This gene pool richness represents a huge reservoir of under-explored genetic diversity.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently two further ampelographies were added—Caucasus and Northern Black Sea Region Ampelography, published in 2012, providing descriptions of 34 local Armenian varieties and Ampelography, published in 2019 by G.G. Melyan, including 55 autochthonous varieties and 34 new bred cultivars [ 49 , 50 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Diversity of Armenian Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Germplasm: Molecular Characterization and Parentage Analysis

Margaryan

Melyan

Röckel

et al. 2021

Biology

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“…However, since in our sample the cv. Assyl kara was recorded as one of the oldest traditional cultivar from North Caucasus [ 72 ], the introgression of a genetic contribution from Asian species into cultivated grapes may also significantly predate early 20th century breeding activities in Russia. It could well have occurred naturally through gene flow between different interfertile Vitis species followed by selection during domestication.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A small XY chromosomal region explains sex determination in wild dioecious V. vinifera and the reversal to hermaphroditism in domesticated grapevines

et al. 2014

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BackgroundIn Vitis vinifera L., domestication induced a dramatic change in flower morphology: the wild sylvestris subspecies is dioecious while hermaphroditism is largely predominant in the domesticated subsp. V. v. vinifera. The characterisation of polymorphisms in genes underlying the sex-determining chromosomal region may help clarify the history of domestication in grapevine and the evolution of sex chromosomes in plants. In the genus Vitis, sex determination is putatively controlled by one major locus with three alleles, male M, hermaphrodite H and female F, with an allelic dominance M > H > F. Previous genetic studies located the sex locus on chromosome 2. We used DNA polymorphisms of geographically diverse V. vinifera genotypes to confirm the position of this locus, to characterise the genetic diversity and traces of selection in candidate genes, and to explore the origin of hermaphroditism.ResultsIn V. v. sylvestris, a sex-determining region of 154.8 kb, also present in other Vitis species, spans less than 1% of chromosome 2. It displays haplotype diversity, linkage disequilibrium and differentiation that typically correspond to a small XY sex-determining region with XY males and XX females. In male alleles, traces of purifying selection were found for a trehalose phosphatase, an exostosin and a WRKY transcription factor, with strikingly low polymorphism levels between distant geographic regions. Both diversity and network analysis revealed that H alleles are more closely related to M than to F alleles.ConclusionsHermaphrodite alleles appear to derive from male alleles of wild grapevines, with successive recombination events allowing import of diversity from the X into the Y chromosomal region and slowing down the expansion of the region into a full heteromorphic chromosome. Our data are consistent with multiple domestication events and show traces of introgression from other Asian Vitis species into the cultivated grapevine gene pool.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-014-0229-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…During the twentieth century many grapevine collections were established in the country (Maghradze 2008). Between 2003 and 2010, significant progress was made in the frame of international research projects on conservation and sustainable use of grapevine (V. vinifera L.) genetic resources in the Caucasus and Northern Black Sea region aiming at strengthening the capacity of the region (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine) to ensure long-term maintenance of Vitis genetic resources, including the cultivated traditional varieties and the wild gene pool (Bacilieri 2008;Bacilieri et al 2010;Maghradze and Turok 2012). Beside conservation, the Georgian grapevine germplasm is involved in various scientific programs (Vouillamoz et al 2006;Imazio et al 2006;Maghradze et al 2009aMaghradze et al , 2010Schaal et al 2010;Myles et al 2011).…”

Section: Ampelographical Platformmentioning

confidence: 99%

From the cradle of grapevine domestication: molecular overview and description of Georgian grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) germplasm

Imazio

Maghradze²,

Lorenzis³

et al. 2013

Tree Genetics & Genomes

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Historical information and archaeological and\ud palaeobotanical findings point Georgia, in the South\ud Caucasus, as a cradle for grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) domestication\ud from its wild form (V. vinifera silvestris Beck.) and\ud subsequent selection and development of varieties with characters\ud suitable for human consumption. The hypothesis of\ud Georgia being a center of domestication, combined with its\ud distance from western countries and the importance of its\ud viticulture and wine production, make Georgian grape\ud germplasm particularly interesting to be investigated under\ud the genetic point of view. Twenty nuclear microsatellite loci\ud were used to genotype 112 Georgian grapevine accessions (V.\ud vinifera sativa Beck.) fromgermplasm collections and 18 from\ud spontaneous growing plants (V. vinifera silvestris Beck.) found\ud in wild conditions and to compare them to a large international\ud cultivar collection in France. Data analysis shows that\ud Georgian grapevine germplasm has maintained distinctive\ud traits despite arrival of international, foreign varieties and still\ud conserve characteristics of local breeding linked to traditional\ud wine production regions of the country. Results have identified\ud alleles, overall loci, well represented in the Georgian germplasm\ud (cultivated and wild) and absent or poorly represented in\ud other countries, highlighting uniqueness and originality of\ud traits of this viticulture. Moreover, the search for relationships\ud between Georgian and foreign viticulture has evidenced few\ud interesting cases linking the Georgian varieties with Western\ud European ones and with neighboring Caucasian countries,\ud helping to identify the real place of origin in some doubtful\ud cases. In addition, populations or sparse individuals of wild\ud grapevine still preserved in the Georgian natural environments\ud present smaller genetic distances with local cultivars than in\ud other European regions. Principal component analysis (PCA)\ud has also identified special overlapping of the wild compartment\ud with some cultivated varieties. This work provides a\ud highly significant new contribution to applied aspects of\ud Georgian grapevine genetic resources management and use.\ud Uniqueness of the Georgian cultivated grapevine gene pool\ud together with its close relatedness with the wild compartment\ud makes this country a good candidate to address questions\ud regarding domestication and grapevine genetic resource\ud conservatio

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Conservation and Sustainable Use of Grapevine Genetic Resources in the Caucasus and Northern Black Sea Region

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Genetic Diversity of Armenian Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Germplasm: Molecular Characterization and Parentage Analysis

Genetic Diversity of Armenian Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Germplasm: Molecular Characterization and Parentage Analysis

A small XY chromosomal region explains sex determination in wild dioecious V. vinifera and the reversal to hermaphroditism in domesticated grapevines

From the cradle of grapevine domestication: molecular overview and description of Georgian grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) germplasm

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