Conservation of Plasma Regulatory Proteins of the Complement System in Evolution: Humans and Fish

Kemper, Claudia; Gigli, Irma; Zipfel, Peter F.

doi:10.1159/000019124

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Regulatory components have been first recognised in the Agnatha with for instance identification of a C3 cleaving short consensus repeat protein in lamprey [33]. A protein (called SBP1) with a high degree of homology to human factor H was first described in the teleost, sand bass [34], [35]. Factor H has also been identified in the zebrafish [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the Population Frequency of the CFHR3/CFHR1 Deletion at 1q32

et al. 2013

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In this study we have used multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) to measure the copy number of CFHR3 and CFHR1 in DNA samples from 238 individuals from the UK and 439 individuals from the HGDP-CEPH Human Genome Diversity Cell Line Panel. We have then calculated the allele frequency and frequency of homozygosity for the copy number polymorphism represented by the CFHR3/CFHR1 deletion. There was a highly significant difference between geographical locations in both the allele frequency (X2 = 127.7, DF = 11, P-value = 4.97x10-22) and frequency of homozygosity (X2 = 142.3, DF = 22, P-value = 1.33x10-19). The highest frequency for the deleted allele (54.7%) was seen in DNA samples from Nigeria and the lowest (0%) in samples from South America and Japan. The observed frequencies in conjunction with the known association of the deletion with AMD, SLE and IgA nephropathy is in keeping with differences in the prevalence of these diseases in African and European Americans. This emphasises the importance of identifying copy number polymorphism in disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the Population Frequency of the CFHR3/CFHR1 Deletion at 1q32

et al. 2013

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“…The fish and lamprey have factor H orthologues (12,(31)(32)(33), which are functional as C regulators. That is, sand bass has factor H-like protein SBP1 (12, 13), which serves structural and functional orthologues of huFactor H. Although sand bass has a putative additional SCR-containing protein, named sand bass cofactor related protein 1, it shares structural similarity with SBP1 (31), and their relationship is similar to that between factor H and its related proteins, factor H-related proteins (31). In the fish, no other RCA orthologues have been identified.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulator of Complement Activation (RCA) Locus in Chicken: Identification of Chicken RCA Gene Cluster and Functional RCA Proteins

Oshiumi

Shida

Goitsuka

et al. 2005

The Journal of Immunology

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A 150-kb DNA fragment, which contains the gene of the chicken complement regulatory protein CREM (formerly named Cremp), was isolated from a microchromosome by screening bacterial artificial chromosome library. Within 100 kb of the cloned region, three complete genes encoding short consensus repeats (SCRs, motifs with tandemly arranged 60 aa) were identified by exon-trap method and 3′- or 5′-RACE. A chicken orthologue of the human gene 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 2, which exists in close proximity to the regulator of complement activation genes in humans and mice, was located near this chicken SCR gene cluster. Moreover, additional genes encoding SCR proteins appeared to be present in this region. Three distinct transcripts were detected in RNA samples from a variety of chicken organs and cell lines. Two novel genes named complement regulatory secretory protein of chicken (CRES) and complement regulatory GPI-anchored protein of chicken (CREG) besides CREM were identified by cloning corresponding cDNA. Based on the predicted primary structures and properties of the expressed molecules, CRES is a secretory protein, whereas CREG is a GPI-anchored membrane protein. CREG and CREM were protected host cells from chicken complement-mediated cytolysis. Likewise, a membrane-bound form of CRES, which was artificially generated, also protected host cells from chicken complement. Taken together, the chicken possesses an regulator of complement activation locus similar to those of the mammals, and the gene products function as complement regulators.

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“…Thus, from comparison of these two species, the KIR gene family is seen to have evolved faster than the MHC class I gene family. Whereas receptors of innate immunity have often been considered as being highly conserved (33,34), KIRs may provide an example where the opposite is true.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short KIR Haplotypes in Pygmy Chimpanzee (Bonobo) Resemble the Conserved Framework of Diverse Human KIR Haplotypes

Rajalingam

Hong

Adams

et al. 2001

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

100

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Some pygmy chimpanzees (also called Bonobos) give much simpler patterns of hybridization on Southern blotting with killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) cDNA probes than do either humans or common chimpanzees. Characterization of KIRs from pygmy chimpanzees having simple and complex banding patterns identified nine different KIRs, representing seven genes. Five of these genes have orthologs in the common chimpanzee, and three of them (KIRCI, KIR2DL4, and KIR2DL5) also have human orthologs. The remaining two genes are KIR3D paralogous to the human and common chimpanzee major histocompatibility complex A– and/or -B–specific KIRs. Within a pygmy chimpanzee family, KIR haplotypes were defined. Simple patterns on Southern blot were due to inheritance of “short” KIR haplotypes containing only three KIR genes, KIRCI, KIR2DL4, and KIR3D, each of which represents one of the three major KIR lineages. These three genes in pygmy chimpanzees or their corresponding genes in humans and common chimpanzees form the conserved “framework” common to all KIR haplotypes in these species and upon which haplotypic diversity is built. The fecundity and health of individual pygmy chimpanzees who are homozygotes for short KIR haplotypes attest to the viability of short KIR haplotypes, indicating that they can provide minimal, essential KIRs for the natural killer and T cells of the hominoid immune system.

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Conservation of Plasma Regulatory Proteins of the Complement System in Evolution: Humans and Fish

Cited by 9 publications

References 30 publications

Determining the Population Frequency of the CFHR3/CFHR1 Deletion at 1q32

Determining the Population Frequency of the CFHR3/CFHR1 Deletion at 1q32

Regulator of Complement Activation (RCA) Locus in Chicken: Identification of Chicken RCA Gene Cluster and Functional RCA Proteins

Short KIR Haplotypes in Pygmy Chimpanzee (Bonobo) Resemble the Conserved Framework of Diverse Human KIR Haplotypes

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