Conservation properties of oil fog used as an atmospheric tracer

Eberhard, Wynn L.; Cupp, R. E.; Abshire, N. L.

doi:10.1016/0004-6981(89)90070-x

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…A new generator (currently designated the XM56) enables the use of fog oil in combination with other materials, such as graphite flakes, and is an effort to improve the efficiency of smoke generation and to extend the effectiveness of the resulting obscurant cloud to include the infrared spectrum. Of the conventional smoke materials, fog oil is likely to remain heavily used because of its low cost, ease of handling and smoke generation, dispersion characteristics, and safety (Eberhard et al 1989). …”

Section: Purpose and Needmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and Health Effects Review for Obscurant Fog Oil

Driver¹,

Ligotke²,

Downs³

et al. 1993

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Section: Purpose and Needmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and Health Effects Review for Obscurant Fog Oil

Driver¹,

Ligotke²,

Downs³

et al. 1993

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“…Of the conventional smokes, the white smoke generated from vaporization and condensation of liquid fog oil is an effective obscurant in the visible range. It is the most heavily used obscurant for troop training because of its low cost, ease of handling and smoke generation, dispersion characteristics, and safety (Eberhard et al 1989). …”

Section: Introduction Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Fog Oil Obscurant Smoke Penetration Into Simulated Tortoise Barrows and Bat Colony Trees

Guelta¹,

Balbach²

2005

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Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. ABSTRACT: The gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyhemus) and the Indiana bat (Myotis sodalist) are species found on many military installations. The Indiana bat is endangered throughout its range, and the gopher tortoise is threatened in its westernmost distribution and at risk everywhere else. On installations where troop readiness training is conducted, an important component of realistic troop readiness training is the generation of obscurant material and the conduct of maneuvers under obscurant cover. Fog oil has long been deployed for visual obscuration training, and the effect of such obscurants on these species is unknown. As a preliminary step prior to instituting toxicological studies, a laboratory simulation was performed of the capability of the fog oil smoke to penetrate the living space of these species, the tortoise burrow and the hollow-tree location of a bat maternity colony. The fog oil smoke did not enter the simulated tortoise burrow in significant concentrations, but smoke concentrations in the simulated tree cavity approached ambient levels. This suggests that tortoise burrows do not need to be studied in situ, and that tortoises may be considered protected while in the burrow. Bat maternal colony sites, however, should not be considered protected from smoke entry to any significant degree. DISCLAIMER:The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents.

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“…Obscurant smoke is used to mask movements of troops and mechanized equipment. SGF-2 fog oil (FO) is the obscurant most often used for military training because of its low cost, ease of handling and smoke generation, dispersion characteristics, and safety (Eberhard, Cupp, and Abshire 1989). It is a middle distillate product of crude petroleum and is drawn from raw industrial lubricant oil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Fog Oil Smoke on Immune Responses in the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus)

Driver¹,

Jarrell²,

Ollero³

et al. 2004

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ABSTRACT:In response to questions about the effects of military use of fog oil (FO) obscurant smoke, the sensitivity of cell-mediated constituents of the immune system to FO smoke was tested using an avianpox challenge in red-winged blackbirds. Although immunosuppression has been observed in seabirds that have ingested petrochemicals, the immune response in blackbirds exposed to airborne FO was not compromised. The incidence and severity of disease was somewhat less and recovery more advanced in the FO-exposed blackbirds than in controls. Circulating antibody titers to sheep red blood cells were measured in house sparrows by hemagglutination titration. No differences in total, 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive, or 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant antibody titers were observed, suggesting that humoral immunity is also unaffected by high field-typical FO exposure. Total and differential white blood cell counts were not depressed and spleen mass and structure were not affected in any of the birds exposed to the airborne FO, further indicating that the smoke did not compromise the nonspecific immune function of the birds. No FO-induced mortality, organ pathology, or end point metabolites were observed in either passerine species. These data indicate that the use of FO at normal field concentrations is unlikely to result in decreased immunological fitness of exposed birds. DISCLAIMER:The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents.

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Conservation properties of oil fog used as an atmospheric tracer

Cited by 3 publications

References 16 publications

Environmental and Health Effects Review for Obscurant Fog Oil

Environmental and Health Effects Review for Obscurant Fog Oil

Modeling Fog Oil Obscurant Smoke Penetration Into Simulated Tortoise Barrows and Bat Colony Trees

Effects of Fog Oil Smoke on Immune Responses in the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus)

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