Conservation value of dispersed tree cover threatened by pasture management

Balancing Ecosystem Services and Disservices: Smallholder Farmers’ Use and Management of Forest and Trees in an Agricultural Landscape in Southwestern Ethiopia

“…In line with our findings, others studies have documented, for example, how farmers' tree and forest management for shade coffee production drives afforestation and deforestation , and how farmers' management of trees in pastureland affects tree cover (Harvey et al 2011).…”

An integrated agro-ecosystem and livelihood systems approach for the poor and vulnerable in dry areas

“…These genetic resources can provide breeders with the traits needed to adapt plants and animals to heterogeneous and changing environments (Fowler and Hodgkin 2004), and are an important buffer against the effects of climate change and desertification (Maestre et al 2012). However, land degradation and pressure on natural habitats threaten biodiversity in dry areas and farmer behaviour, if not directed otherwise, will generally result in decline in species diversity to meet immediate production objectives (Harvey et al 2011). …”

Trees in the Agricultural Matrix: Reforestation Processes in a Tropical Dry Landscape in Chinandega, Nicaragua

“…While several studies have been conducted on farmer preferences of tree species (Garen et al 2011), as well as the presence of natural regeneration of trees and the alternate protection or cutting of certain species (Harvey 2000, Harvey et al 2011, few have compared these two forms of tree introduction in a landscape (Barrance et al 2003). In addition, the literature omits comparing these sources to project-promoted species in order to determine whether or not tree-planting efforts align with stakeholder preferences, or promote species that may have stakeholder value but are scarce or not naturally regenerating.…”

“…While a study in Kenya demonstrated that average on farm tree density reached 702 trees per hectare in a formerly degraded landscape (Langkeek et al 2005), most studies focus on the occurrence of trees found in individual landscape elements, including windbreaks (Harvey 2000), riparian forests , and dispersed trees in pasture (Hervey and Haber 1999, Harvey et al 2011). The present study attempts to address the gap in the literature, taking a landscape approach to looking at the current state of tree cover in a heavily disturbed TDF landscape and how greater tree cover is apparently emerging from a combination of passive recovery of riparian forests, farmer decisions to plant more trees, including one plantation, and the more minor role played by projects that specifically promote tree planting.…”

“…Live fencing is valued and can be a means of establishing more trees within the agricultural mosaic (Love et al 2009, Harvey et al 2011. Although not ranked as important as other reasons, planting species that are also suitable for firewood close to the house may be seen as beneficial to the family as well as to vulnerable riparian areas, as the average Nicaraguan family spends an estimated 47 minutes per day gathering firewood (United Nations, 2010).…”