Conserved versus derived patterns of controlled cell death during the embryonic development of two species of Onychophora (velvet worms)

Treffkorn, Sandra; Mayer, Georg

doi:10.1002/dvdy.24492

Cited by 9 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(96 reference statements)

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“…In the field of genetics, the genome size and chromosome numbers were reviewed (Jeffery, Oliveira, Gregory, Rowell, & Mayer, 2012), and new morphological characters were added to the arsenal used in taxonomy (Oliveira, Read, & Mayer, 2012). Other studies dealt with genes related to head and eye development (Eriksson, Samadi, & Schmid, 2013); endoderm marker-genes during gastrulation and gut-development (Janssen & Budd, 2017); the conserved and derived cell death in embryonic development (Treffkorn & Mayer, 2017); and the report that fluorescence in situ hybridization of telomers indicate chromosome fusions (Dutra, Cordeiro, & Araujo, 2018).…”

Section: They Are All Over the World! Bouvier Enters The Scene: 1880 mentioning

confidence: 99%

History of Onychophorology, 1826-2020

Mónge-Nájera¹

2020

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Velvet worms, or onychophorans, include placental species and, as a phylum, have survived all mass extinctions since the Cambrian. They capture prey with an extraordinary adhesive net that appears in an instant. The first naturalist to formally mention them was Lansdown Guilding (1797-1831), a British priest from the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent. His life is as little known as the history of the field he initiated, onychophorology. This is the first general history of onychophorology, and I have divided it into half century periods. The beginning, 1826-1879, was defined by former students of great names in the history of biology, like Cuvier and von Baer. This generation included Milne-Edwars and Blanchard, and the greatest advances came from France, with smaller but still important contributions from England and Germany. In the 1880-1929 period, work concentrated in anatomy, behavior, biogeography and ecology, but of course the most important work was Bouvier’s mammoth monograph. The next half century, 1930-1979, was important for the discovery of Cambrian species; Vachon’s explanation of how ancient distribution defined the existence of two families; Pioneer DNA and electron microscopy from Brazil; and primitive attempts at systematics using embryology or isolated anatomical characteristics. Finally, the 1980-2020 period, with research centered in Australia, Brazil, Costa Rica and Germany, is marked by an evolutionary approach to everything, from body and behavior to distribution; for the solution of the old problem of how they form their adhesive net and how the glue works; the reconstruction of Cambrian onychophoran communities, the first experimental taphonomy; the first country-wide map of conservation status (from Costa Rica); the first model of why they survive in cities; the discovery of new phenomena like food hiding, parental feeding investment and ontogenetic diet shift; and for the birth of a new research branch, Onychophoran Ethnobiology, founded in 2015. While a few names appear often in the literature, most knowledge was produced by a mass of researchers who entered the field only briefly.

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Section: They Are All Over the World! Bouvier Enters The Scene: 1880 mentioning

confidence: 99%

History of Onychophorology, 1826-2020

Mónge-Nájera¹

2020

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“…Caspase-3 is also considered to be the most important scorpion caspase of apoptosis and can be activated by caspase (22). Cleavage by caspase-3 results in DNA fragmentation, degradation of the cytoskeleton and nuclear proteins, cross-linking of proteins, formation of apoptotic bodies, ligand expression of phagocytic receptors and uptake by phagocytic cells (23). Caspase-3 is therefore essential for certain processes associated with the disintegration of cells and the formation of apoptotic bodies, but it can also function before the initiation of cell loss (24).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anticancer effects and the mechanism underlying 2‑methoxyestradiol in human osteosarcoma in vitro and in vivo

et al. 2020

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Osteosarcoma (OS) occurs in both children and adolescents and leads to a poor prognosis. 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) has a strong antitumor effect and is effective against numerous types of tumor. However, 2-ME has a low level of antitumor effects in OS. The present study investigated the effects of 2-ME on the proliferation and apoptosis of human MG63 OS cells. The potential biological mechanisms by which 2-ME exerts its biological effects were also investigated in the present study. The results of the present study demonstrated that 2-ME inhibited the proliferation of OS cells in a time-and dose-dependent manner, induced G 2 /M phase cell cycle arrest and early apoptosis. The expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Bcl-2 and caspase-3 were measured via western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. As the concentration of 2-ME increased, the RNA and protein expression levels of VEGF and Bcl-2 decreased gradually, whereas the expression of caspase-3 increased gradually. In addition, tumor growth in nude mice was suppressed by 2-ME with no toxic side effects observed in the liver or kidney. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the expression levels of Bcl-2 and VEGF were significantly lower, and those of caspase-3 were significantly higher in test mice compared with the control group. TUNEL staining of xenograft tumors revealed that with increased 2-ME concentration, the number of apoptotic cells also gradually increased. Thus, 2-ME effectively inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis of MG63 OS cells in vitro and in vivo with no obvious side effects. The mechanism of the anticancer effect of 2-ME may be associated with the actions of Bcl-2, VEGF and caspase-3.

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“…2 collected in Colombia (orange dot), and E. rowelli collected in Australia (blue dot). b, c Diagrams of the reproductive tracts in placentotrophic viviparous peripatids (B, modified from refs [27, 39]) and combined lecithotrophic/matrotrophic viviparous peripatopsids (C). Only one horn of the paired uteri is shown in each diagram.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This placentation mode has been described to superficially resemble that of mammals, as the embryos develop a stalked placenta and the uterine wall surrounding the region of placental attachment becomes highly modified [14, 15, 20]. In contrast to mammals, however, the placental attachment persists only during the early growth and segment formation, while the more advanced developmental stages lie freely within the uterus [14, 15, 20, 39]. Moreover, the paired uteri of placentotrophic viviparous females each contain a series of embryos of increasing age with the most immature embryo being located near the ovary and the largest, almost fully developed fetus near the genital opening [14, 20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, we used an antibody directed against the activated form of caspase-3, a highly conserved protein that is essential for apoptosis in metazoans [45]. The combination of these markers has been used previously to detect patterns of apoptosis and cell proliferation in embryos of E. rowelli and the placentotrophic viviparous peripatid Principapillatus hitoyensis [39].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence for cell turnover as the mechanism responsible for the transport of embryos towards the vagina in viviparous onychophorans (velvet worms)

2019

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Background Onychophorans, commonly known as velvet worms, display a remarkable diversity of reproductive strategies including oviparity, and placentotrophic, lecithotrophic, matrotrophic or combined lecithotrophic/matrotrophic viviparity. In the placentotrophic species, the embryos of consecutive developmental stages are attached to the uterus via a placental stalk, suggesting they might be transported passively towards the vagina due to proximal growth and distal degeneration of tissue. However, this assumption has never been tested using specific markers. We therefore analyzed the patterns of cell proliferation and apoptosis in the genital tracts of two placentotrophic peripatids from Colombia and a non-placentotrophic peripatopsid from Australia. Results All three species show a high number of apoptotic cells in the distal portion of the genital tract near the genital opening. In the two placentotrophic species, additional apoptotic cells appear in ring-like vestigial placentation zones of late embryonic chambers. While moderate cell proliferation occurs along the entire uterus in all three species, only the two placentotrophic species show a distinct proliferation zone near the ovary as well as in the ring-like implantation zone of the first embryonic chamber. In contrast to the two placentotrophic species, the non-placentotrophic species clearly does not show such regions of high proliferation in the uterus but exhibits proliferating and apoptotic cells in the ovarian stalks. While cell proliferation mainly occurs in stalks carrying maturating oocytes, apoptosis is restricted to stalks whose oocytes have been released into the ovarian lumen. Conclusions Our results confirm the hypothesis that the uterus of placentotrophic onychophorans grows proximally but is resorbed distally. This is supported by the detection of a proximal proliferation zone and a distal degenerative zone in the two placentotrophic species. Hence, cell turnover might be responsible for the transport of their embryos towards the vagina, analogous to a conveyor belt. Surprisingly, the distal degenerative zone is also found in the non-placentotrophic species, in which cell turnover was unexpected. These findings suggest that the distal degenerative zone is an ancestral feature of Onychophora, whereas the proximal proliferation zone might have evolved in the last common ancestor of the placentotrophic Peripatidae. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12983-019-0317-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Conserved versus derived patterns of controlled cell death during the embryonic development of two species of Onychophora (velvet worms)

Cited by 9 publications

References 44 publications

<strong>History of Onychophorology, 1826-2020</strong><strong> </strong>

<strong>History of Onychophorology, 1826-2020</strong><strong> </strong>

Anticancer effects and the mechanism underlying 2‑methoxyestradiol in human osteosarcoma <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>

Evidence for cell turnover as the mechanism responsible for the transport of embryos towards the vagina in viviparous onychophorans (velvet worms)

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Conserved versus derived patterns of controlled cell death during the embryonic development of two species of Onychophora (velvet worms)

Cited by 9 publications

References 44 publications

<strong>History of Onychophorology, 1826-2020</strong><strong> </strong>

<strong>History of Onychophorology, 1826-2020</strong><strong> </strong>

Anticancer effects and the mechanism underlying 2‑methoxyestradiol in human osteosarcoma <em>in&nbsp;vitro</em> and <em>in&nbsp;vivo</em>

Evidence for cell turnover as the mechanism responsible for the transport of embryos towards the vagina in viviparous onychophorans (velvet worms)

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Anticancer effects and the mechanism underlying 2‑methoxyestradiol in human osteosarcoma <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>