Conserving functionality of relatively rare metals associated with steel life cycles: a review

Quantifying Recycling and Losses of Cr and Ni in Steel Throughout Multiple Life Cycles Using MaTrace-Alloy

“…The ratio by which Cr is distributed between molten metal and slag in an EAF is known to be subject to wide variations. , The above results were obtained for a particular value of the ratio, a representative one taken from the literature. , To assess the effects of the ratio on the cumulative service index and the concentration of Cr in carbon steel, a sensitivity analysis was conducted by altering it in the range of 30–95%. As for scrap sorting, the default case was assumed.…”

“…For R , we took 0.986 for Cr in nc-alloy steel processes and 1.0 for Ni in all the refinery processes. , As for the ratio by which Cr is distributed to liquid metal in carbon steel processes, 0.5 was chosen as the default value. To account for its wide variability, a sensitivity analysis was conducted on this ratio (results reported in the SI).…”

Regional distribution and losses of end-of-life steel throughout multiple product life cycles—Insights from the global multiregional MaTrace model

“…Metal cycles are coupled at several places: the mining stage ( Graedel et al, 2015 , Tisserant and Pauliuk, 2016 ), the alloying stage ( Johnson et al, 2008 , Ohno et al, 2016 , Reck et al, 2010 ), the product stage, and the waste management stage ( Allwood et al, 2011 , Reck and Graedel, 2012 , Reijnders, 2016 ). For the steel cycle the study of several metals in parallel is important to understand the recycling and losses of steel alloying elements ( Nakajima et al, 2013 , Reck et al, 2010 ), the accumulation of copper and tin in recycled steel ( Nakamura et al, 2012 , Savov et al, 2003 ), co-use of metals ( Daigo et al, 2014 ), and the substitution between different materials ( Kim and Wallington, 2013 , Modaresi et al, 2014 ).…”

Revealing Final Destination of Special Steel Materials with Input-Output-Based Material Flow Analysis

“…[7][8][9] Metals are thermodynamically distributed into molten steel, steelmaking slag, and gas phases during the pyrometallurgical process, and they are barely separable from matrices of molten steel and slag. 10) Except for vaporizing metals (e.g., zinc), the technologies for recovering individual metals through steel recycling have not yet been developed on a commercial basis.…”