“…Some are based on financial measures (e.g., Kamyabi & Devi, 2012;Liao & Wu, 2009) and nonfinancial indicators (e.g., Gronum, Verreynne, & Kastelle, 2012;Hilman & Mohamed, 2011;Kaplan & Norton, 2005;Kirby, 2005) and others are based on the combination of both financial and nonfinancial measures (e.g., Bititci, Carrie, & McDevitt, 1997;Kaplan & Norton, 2005;MacDougall & Pike, 2003). These indicators are developed to serve profit-oriented organization, which could not be appropriate to be applied to organizations in the academia where teaching, community service, research, and publications are the main business.…”