“…Since then, studies conducted in Taiwan and Malaysia (Kohlberg, 1981;Saat, Porter, & Woodbine, 2008), Hong Kong (Snell, 1996;Ho & Redfern, 2010), mainland China (Snell & Tseng, 2001), India (Kracher, Chatterjee, & Lundquist, 2002) as well as other venues (McDonald & Pak, 1996) revealed similarities among cultures were more striking than differences; hence, these studies could not totally dispel the universality claim of CMD stages. At the same time, more recent studies looking at guanxi (Au & Wong, 2000;Ho & Redfern, 2010) and other cross-cultural comparisons (Karassavidou & Glaveli, 2007;Vitell & Patwardhan, 2008;Hilliard, Crudele, Matulich, & McMurrian, 2011) do not refute previous frameworks but intimate that national cultures are likely to influence the relationship between moral reasoning and behavior. What seems to be at stake is not so much about gender or culture bias per se, but rather the different contexts, environments, and stimuli that nurture the moral 'maturation' process (Jorgensen, 2006).…”