Considerations for Measurement of Sodium Intake

Almeida, Vanessa Araujo; Seto, Todd B.; Banna, Jinan

doi:10.1177/1559827620946737

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The lack of effectiveness in reducing salt intake and the consumption of fried, fatty foods can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, variations in measurement methods across studies make it challenging to compare and evaluate the impact of interventions consistently [30,31]. Secondly, cultural cuisine and family eating habits, including the incorporation of fried vegetables and the use of fish sauce in Vietnamese meals, have a significant influence on dietary practices.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of a Health Education Program in Hypertensive Patients with Dyslipidemia and/or Microalbuminuria: A Quasi-Experimental Study in Vinh Long Province, Vietnam

Le,

Nguyen,

Pham

et al. 2023

Healthcare

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Introduction: Hypertension, a major health concern, is associated with significant mortality and disease burden worldwide, including Vietnam. Comprehensive interventions targeting medication, lifestyle modifications, dyslipidemia (DLP), and microalbuminuria (MAU) are vital for effective hypertension management and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease complications (CDV). While medication interventions have proven efficacy, the evidence regarding the effectiveness of community-based health education interventions in managing DLP and MAU is limited. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of community health education interventions in reducing hypertension risk factors and achieving hypertension management objectives, as well as managing DLP and MAU among hypertension patients. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted on 330 hypertensive patients with dyslipidemia (DLP) and/or microalbuminuria (MAU) who were divided into a control group (n = 164) and an intervention group (n = 166). The control group received standard national hypertension management, while the intervention group received additional intensive health education provided by trained volunteers. The effectiveness of the intervention was assessed by comparing outcomes such as lifestyle factors, BMI control, treatment adherence, hypertension control, and DLP and MAU status between the two groups before and after a two-year intervention period. Results: The health education intervention resulted in significant reductions in dietary risk factors, specifically in fruit and vegetable consumption (p < 0.001). There was a lower prevalence of high salt intake in the intervention group compared to the control group (p = 0.002), while no significant differences were observed in other dietary factors. Smoking habits and low physical activity significantly decreased in the intervention group, with a notable disparity in physical activity proportions (p < 0.001). Both groups showed significant improvements in achieving hypertension management targets, with the intervention group demonstrating superior outcomes. The intervention was effective in reducing the prevalence of risk factors, particularly treatment non-adherence, blood pressure control, and low physical activity. Additionally, the intervention group had a higher likelihood of achieving DLP and MAU control compared to the control group. Conclusions: This study underscored the additional positive impact of incorporating health education by non-professional educators in achieving favorable outcomes, including better control of BMI, blood pressure, medication adherence, and management of dyslipidemia (DLP) and microalbuminuria (MAU). Further research is warranted to fully explore the potential of health education in primary healthcare settings and maximize its effectiveness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of a Health Education Program in Hypertensive Patients with Dyslipidemia and/or Microalbuminuria: A Quasi-Experimental Study in Vinh Long Province, Vietnam

Le,

Nguyen,

Pham

et al. 2023

Healthcare

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“…The sixth shortcoming is the absence of a criterion describing the degree in which healthy lifestyle measures need to be fulfilled to allow us to say it is sufficient to change the diagnosis from "apparent treatment-resistant HTN" to the "resistant HTN". For example, how should we check patients' salt intake in everyday practice: 24-h urinary sodium excretion, food frequency questionnaire, spot urine collection, or another tool [33,[37][38][39][40]? How realistic are self-reports?…”

Section: Remarks (Insufficiencies In the Definition Of Resistant Htn)...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…How realistic are self-reports? [33,38]. As a rule, it is not enough to simply remove the saltshaker from the table, and it is difficult to measure quantities of food consumed and the grams of salt that the food contains [23,33,35].…”

Section: Remarks (Insufficiencies In the Definition Of Resistant Htn)...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Need for Improvement in the Definition of Resistant Arterial Hypertension

et al. 2023

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With the medical and social importance of resistant arterial hypertension (HTN) in mind, we had three goals in this paper: to study the definitions of resistant HTN in the guidelines on the topic, to analyze them, and to suggest some improvements. We found (at least) eleven insufficiencies in the definition of resistant HTN: (1) different blood pressure (BP) values are used for diagnoses; (2) the number of BP measurements is not specified; (3) the time-frame for the definition is not obtained; (4) it fails to provide normal or target or controlled BP values; (5) secondary HTN is not currently defined as true resistant HTN, but as apparently treatment-resistant HTN; (6) the definition usually directly incorporates BP cut-offs for systolic BP (sBP) and diastolic BP (dBP) making the diagnosis temporary; (7) stress is not included in the exclusion strategy for resistant HTN; (8) there is potentially a need to introduce a category of recovered resistant HTN; (9) to what degree do healthy lifestyle measures have to be fulfilled to consider it as sufficient to change the diagnosis from “apparent treatment-resistant HTN” to the “resistant HTN”; (10) sBP values normal-for-the-age for 61 and 81 year old patients in some guidelines fulfill the criterion for resistant HTN; (11) it probably ought to read “In the absence of contraindications and compelling indications…” in the others. We believe that it is better to use the phrase “above the target BP” for the definition of (treatment) resistant HTN, because the whole story of resistant HTN is related to non-responders to antihypertensive treatment. Therefore, as we treat to target and not to normal values, it is appropriate to define resistant HTN as an insufficiency to reach the target BP values. Moreover, the definition of (treatment) resistant HTN should not be universal for every patient with HTN, but it should be age-related: (treatment) resistant HTN is elevated BP over the target/normal BP values. Using this modification, there will be no need to automatically change the definition of resistant HTN when we change the BP targets in the future.

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