Considerations for the Use of Human Participants in Vector Biology Research: A Tool for Investigators and Regulators

Achee, Nicole L.; Youngblood, Laura Solomon; Bangs, Michael J.; Lavery, James V.; James, Stephanie

doi:10.1089/vbz.2014.1628

Cited by 71 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Potentially hazardous HLC [25] was only considered justified to apply to the users because it is known that alternative trapping methods can misrepresent the protective effects of repellents for human users [25,26]. One of six predefined distances (2m, 5m, 10m, 20m, 30m and 40m) away from the station where HLC was conducted by the strip user were randomly allocated, without replacement within each one-night randomization cycle, to each of the six two-hour intervals between 18:30 hours and 06:30 hours each night (18:30 to 20:30, 20:30 to 22:30, 22:30 to 00:30, 00:30 to 02:30, 02:30 to 04:30 and 04:30 to 06:30).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A low technology emanator treated with the volatile pyrethroid transfluthrin confers long term protection against outdoor biting vectors of lymphatic filariasis, arboviruses and malaria

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThe vapor phase of the volatile pyrethroid transfluthrin incapacitates mosquitoes and prevents them from feeding. Although existing emanator products for delivering volatile pyrethroids protect against outdoor mosquito bites, they are too short-lived to be practical or affordable for routine use in low-income settings. New transfluthrin emanators, comprised simply of treated hessian fabric strips, have recently proven highly protective against outdoor-biting vectors of lymphatic filariasis, arboviruses and malaria, but their full protective lifespan, minimum dose requirements, and range of protection have not previously been assessed.MethodologyThe effects of transfluthrin-treated hessian strips upon mosquito biting exposure of users and nearby non-users, as well as dependence of protection upon treatment dose, were measured outdoors in rural Tanzania using human landing catches (HLC).Principal findingsStrips treated with 10ml of transfluthrin prevented at least three quarters (p < 0.001) of outdoor bites by Anopheles arabiensis, Culex spp. and Mansonia spp. mosquitoes, and >90% protection against bites on warmer nights with higher evaporation rates, for at least one year. Strips treated with this high dose also reduced biting exposure of non-users at a distance of up to 5m from the strips for An. arabiensis (p < 0.001) and up to 2m for Mansonia spp. (p = 0.008), but provided no protection to non-users against Culex spp. No evidence of increased risk for non-users, caused by diversion of mosquitoes to unprotected individuals, was found at any distance within an 80m radius. A dose of only 1ml provided equivalent protection to the 10ml dose against An. arabiensis, Culex spp. and Mansonia spp. mosquitoes over 6 months (p < 0.001).Conclusions/SignificanceTransfluthrin-treated hessian emanators provide safe, affordable, long-term protection against several different pathogen-transmitting mosquito taxa that attack humans outdoors, where they are usually active and cannot be protected by bed nets or residual sprays with conventional, solid-phase insecticides.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A low technology emanator treated with the volatile pyrethroid transfluthrin confers long term protection against outdoor biting vectors of lymphatic filariasis, arboviruses and malaria

et al. 2017

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“…Currently there are several sampling tools available for monitoring the host-seeking biting densities and associated infection rates of malaria vectors, which include the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light trap (CDC-LT) [ 37 , 38 ], Ifakara Tent Trap [ 39 – 42 ] and Mbita trap [ 43 , 44 ]. While these parameters play an essential role in understanding variations in human exposure hazard, reliable and consistent measurement of other key epidemiologically relevant, malaria vector behaviours (e.g., distribution of bites across different times of the night, or indoor versus outdoor locations) [ 9 , 17 , 18 , 21 , 45 , 46 ] remains only possible with the human landing catch (HLC) gold standard method [ 38 , 47 , 48 ]. For example, even CDC-LT which are widely used for monitoring malaria vector mosquito biting densities, species composition and transmission intensity inside houses vectors across malaria endemic settings [ 37 , 47 , 49 , 50 ], studies of the efficacy of CDC-LT for catching malaria vectors outdoors is limited to only few places in Africa [ 51 – 53 ], and our experience of east African settings indicates they catch very few mosquitoes when placed outdoors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of mosquitoes caught with this method can vary significantly between collectors, likely as a result of variation in their skill and degree of alertness [ 37 , 54 – 56 ]. An additional concern is the ethical dilemma arising from the requirement of the HLC to expose collectors to potentially infected mosquito bites [ 47 , 48 , 57 ]. Whilst these risks can be minimized by providing collectors with anti-malarial chemoprophylaxis, in which case participants may be safer from malaria than they would normally be [ 58 ], concerns with respect to other vector-borne pathogens such as lymphatic filariasis, dengue fever, and other arboviruses remain [ 14 , 59 – 62 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An improved mosquito electrocuting trap that safely reproduces epidemiologically relevant metrics of mosquito human-feeding behaviours as determined by human landing catch

Govella¹,

Maliti²,

Mlwale³

et al. 2016

Malar J

106

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BackgroundReliable quantification of mosquito host—seeking behaviours is required to determine the efficacy of vector control methods. For malaria, the gold standard approach remains the risky human landing catch (HLC). Here compare the performance of an improved prototype of the mosquito electrocuting grid trap (MET) as a safer alternative with HLC for measuring malaria vector behaviour in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.MethodsMosquito trapping was conducted at three sites within Dar es Salaam representing a range of urbanicity over a 7-month period (December 2012–July 2013, 168 sampling nights). At each site, sampling was conducted in a block of four houses, with two houses being allocated to HLC and the other to MET on each night of study. Sampling was conducted both indoors and outdoors (from 19:00 to 06:00 each night) at all houses, with trapping method (HLC and MET) being exchanged between pairs of houses at each site using a crossover design.ResultsThe MET caught significantly more Anopheles gambiae sensu lato than the HLC, both indoors (RR [95 % confidence interval (CI)]) = 1.47 [1.23–1.76], P < 0.0001 and outdoors = 1.38 [1.14–1.67], P < 0.0001). The sensitivity of MET compared with HLC did not detectably change over the course of night for either An. gambiae s.l. (OR [CI]) = 1.01 [0.94–1.02], P = 0.27) or Culex spp. (OR [CI]) = 0.99 [0.99–1.0], P = 0.17) indoors and declined only slightly outdoors: An. gambiae s.l. (OR [CI]) = 0.92 [0.86–0.99], P = 0.04), and Culex spp. (OR [CI]) = 0.99 [0.98–0.99], P = 0.03). MET-based estimates of the proportions of mosquitoes caught indoors (Pi) or during sleeping hours (Pfl), as well as the proportion of human exposure to bites that would otherwise occurs indoors (πi), were statistically indistinguishable from those based on HLC for An. gambiae s.l. (P = 0.43, 0.07 and 0.48, respectively) and Culex spp. (P = 0.76, 0.24 and 0.55, respectively).ConclusionsThis improved MET prototype is highly sensitive tool that accurately quantifies epidemiologically-relevant metrics of mosquito biting densities, behaviours and human exposure distribution.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1513-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…In the case of malaria, this risk can be minimized by providing participants with prophylaxis [42]. However, such remediation is not possible for arboviruses where often no prophylaxis is available, and therefore HLCs are not recommended for the surveillance of Aedesborne arboviruses [43,44].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mosquito Electrocuting Trap As An Exposure-Free Method For Measuring Human Biting Rates ByAedesMosquito Vectors

Ortega-López

Pondeville

Kohl

et al. 2019

Preprint

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BackgroundEntomological monitoring of Aedes vectors has largely relied on surveillance of larvae, pupae and non-host-seeking adults, which have been poorly correlated with human disease incidence. Exposure to mosquito-borne diseases can be more directly estimated using Human Landing Catches (HLC), although this method is not recommended for Aedes-borne arboviruses.We evaluated a new method previously tested with malaria vectors, the Mosquito Electrocuting Trap (MET) as an exposure-free alternative for measuring landing rates of Aedes mosquitoes on people. Aims were to 1) compare the MET to the BG-sentinel (BGS) trap gold standard approach for sampling host-seeking Aedes vectors; 2) characterize the diel activity of Aedes vectors and their association with microclimatic conditions. MethodsThe study was conducted over 12 days in Quinindé -Ecuador in May 2017. Mosquito sampling stations were set up in the peridomestic area of four houses. On each day of sampling, each house was allocated either a MET or a BGS trap, which were rotated amongst the four houses daily in a Latin square design. Mosquito abundance and microclimatic conditions were recorded hourly at each sampling station between 07:00-19:00 hours to assess variation between vector abundance, trapping methods, and environmental conditions. All Aedes aegypti females were tested for the presence of Zika (ZIKV), dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses.3 ResultsA higher number of Ae. aegypti females were found in MET than in BGS collections, although no statistically significant differences in mean Ae. aegypti abundance between trapping methods were found. Both trapping methods indicated female Ae. aegypti had bimodal patterns of host seeking, being highest during early morning and late afternoon hours. Mean Ae. aegypti daily abundance was negatively associated with daily temperature. No infection by ZIKV, DENV or CHIKV was detected in any Aedes mosquitoes caught by either trapping method. ConclusionWe conclude the MET performs at least as well as the BGS standard, and offers the additional advantage of direct measurement of per capita human biting rates. If detection of arboviruses can be confirmed in MET-collected Aedes in future studies, this surveillance method could provide a valuable tool for surveillance and prediction on human arboviral exposure risk. BACKGROUNDMosquito--borne viruses (arboviruses) are an important cause of diseases in humans and animals. In 2017, estimates suggested that mosquitoes were responsible for approximately 137 millions human arboviral infections with dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV), and Zika virus (ZIKV) being the most important [1]. Arbovirus transmission to humans depends on multiple factors that involve spatial movement and immunity of human populations [2-7], socioeconomic factors and access to basic services (especially water) [8][9][10][11], and the ecology and distribution of the mosquito vectors that transmit them [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. These factors combine to determine the distribution and intens...

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Considerations for the Use of Human Participants in Vector Biology Research: A Tool for Investigators and Regulators

Cited by 71 publications

References 55 publications

A low technology emanator treated with the volatile pyrethroid transfluthrin confers long term protection against outdoor biting vectors of lymphatic filariasis, arboviruses and malaria

A low technology emanator treated with the volatile pyrethroid transfluthrin confers long term protection against outdoor biting vectors of lymphatic filariasis, arboviruses and malaria

An improved mosquito electrocuting trap that safely reproduces epidemiologically relevant metrics of mosquito human-feeding behaviours as determined by human landing catch

The Mosquito Electrocuting Trap As An Exposure-Free Method For Measuring Human Biting Rates ByAedesMosquito Vectors

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