Considering Harm Reduction as the Future of Doping Control Policy in International Sport

Kirkwood, Ken

doi:10.1080/00336297.2009.10483609

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Consequently, many academics (Kayser & Broers, 2012;Kirkwood, 2009;Smith & Stewart, 2008) and even WADA themselves (Pound, Ayotte, Parkinson, Pengilly, & Ryan, 2013) have declared anti-doping efforts to have been a failure.…”

Section: Deterring Dopingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The final frontier of anti-doping: A study of athletes who have committed doping violations

Engelberg

Moston

Skinner

2015

Sport Management Review

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Although the use of banned drugs in sport is not a new phenomenon, little is known about the experiences and perceptions of athletes who have committed anti-doping rule violations. This study qualitatively explored the experiences of 18 athletes (from the sports of bodybuilding, powerlifting, cricket, sprint kayak, rugby league, and swimming) who had committed antidoping violations. Themes explored included motivations for initiating and maintaining doping, the psychology of doping, deterrents to doping, and views on current anti-doping policy. In most cases doping had started early in their careers. The perceived culture of the sport was considered central to the ' normalization' of doping, particularly in bodybuilding.When explaining their decision to dope, athletes engaged in processes or moral disengagement (including advantageous comparison, minimizing consequences and diffusion of responsibility). Ironically, moral arguments were perceived as the most effective deterrents to doping. Findings are discussed in relation to the difficulties in establishing credible deterrents and suggestions for the future development of anti-doping policy.Final frontier: 2

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Section: Deterring Dopingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The final frontier of anti-doping: A study of athletes who have committed doping violations

Engelberg

Moston

Skinner

2015

Sport Management Review

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“…Why not opt for full liberalisation? Due to the extreme stakes in elite sports, without safety margins, all athletes could (but more importantly some athletes likely would) decide to use substances in excess of reasonable health risks 22. Why would partial prohibition be better than full prohibition?…”

Section: An Alternative Doping Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the relegation of doping behaviour into clandestine behaviour, a consequence of repression, increases health risks (eg, greater risk-taking among competitive cyclists20 or increased prevalence of HIV infection among fitness clients who inject anabolic steroids) 21. Thus, we can identify the following three concurrent dynamics: (1) doping poses potential harm to the user; (2) doping is insufficiently deterred by prohibitive policies and (3) the risk to the user is exacerbated by prohibitive policies 22. This is very similar to the effects of the repression of illicit recreational drugs 23.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on experience with illicit drugs, for which experimenting with alternative policies with harm-reduction strategies have come of age and proven their societal benefits,27 several scholars17 22 28 29 have argued in favour of relaxing the antidoping rule and accompanying it with harm-reduction strategies. The general stance is essentially a consequentialist one, but a more detailed explicit analysis of ethical aspects of a harm-reduction approach for doping in sports had not been undertaken yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ethics of a relaxed antidoping rule accompanied by harm-reduction measures

Kayser

Tolleneer

2017

J Med Ethics

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Harm-reduction approaches are used to reduce the burden of risky human behaviour without necessarily aiming to stop the behaviour. We discuss what an introduction of harm reduction for doping in sports would mean in parallel with a relaxation of the antidoping rule. We analyse what is ethically at stake in the following five levels: (1) What would it mean for the athlete (the self)? (2) How would it impact other athletes (the other)? (3) How would it affect the phenomenon of sport as a game and its fair play basis (the play)? (4) What would be the consequences for the spectator and the role of sports in society (the display)? and (5) What would it mean for what some consider as essential to being human (humanity)? For each level, we present arguments for and against doping and then discuss what a harm-reduction approach, within a dynamic regime of a partially relaxed antidoping rule, could imply. We find that a harm-reduction approach is morally defensible and potentially provides a viable escape out of the impasse resulting from the impossibility of attaining the eradication of doping. The following question remains to be answered: Would a more relaxed position, when combined with harm-reduction measures, indeed have less negative consequences for society than today's all-out antidoping efforts that aim for abstinence? We provide an outline of an alternative policy, allowing a cautious step-wise change to answer this question and then discuss the ethical aspects of such a policy change.

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“…Disturbingly the fourth quadrant, health and epidemiology research, has received the least attention in the past. Apart from some researchers, typically from fields related to management, urging that a greater consideration should be given to health and the implementation of harm reduction policies (Kayser and Smith 2008, Lippi et al 2008b, Smith and Stewart 2008, Kirkwood 2009, D'Angelo and Tamburini 2010, Mazanov and Connor 2010, relatively little research has been funded in this area. The health and epidemiology aspect of doping warrants increased attention if WADA is to be true to its mission and the World Anti-Doping Code which emphasizes the damage to health as a justification for prohibiting a substance along with a substance being performance enhancing and doping being against the spirit of sport.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Impact of multidisciplinary research on advancing anti-doping efforts

Petróczi

Naughton

2011

International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics

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Recent research outputs indicate that despite the considerable efforts exerted in social science to estimate, and potentially eliminate, the social desirability (SD) effect in researching socially sensitive issues, doping research has mainly overlooked the distorting effect of dishonesty. As the SD effect is a result of the interplay between personality and contextual contingencies, it varies greatly between individuals and from one situation to another. Similarly, the drugtesting regime for the most widely abused performance-enhancing substance, anabolic androgenic steroids, does not take into account individual genetic variations that can have profound effects on doping test results. The aims of this article are to highlight some major impediments in doping research and anti-doping strategies; to map the impact our research has made on doping research; and to highlight future directions to advance anti-doping efforts. Our multidisciplinary research effort, benefitting from the synergy between\ social and natural sciences, has created a unique platform for anti-doping research with the view of aiding not only detection, but also harm reduction, intervention and prevention. Benefitting from the synergy between social and analytical sciences, our results have drawn attention to the distorting effect of SD but also made progress in identifying methods to overcome the limitations associated with the sole use of the self-report methodology. These advances in behavioural approaches coupled with improved hair-based analytical methods provide an opportunity to coalesce disparate analytical and social approaches and build on the strengths in each approach and thus inform and strengthen each other.

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Considering Harm Reduction as the Future of Doping Control Policy in International Sport

Cited by 18 publications

References 25 publications

The final frontier of anti-doping: A study of athletes who have committed doping violations

The final frontier of anti-doping: A study of athletes who have committed doping violations

Ethics of a relaxed antidoping rule accompanied by harm-reduction measures

Impact of multidisciplinary research on advancing anti-doping efforts

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