Considering photocatalytic activity of Cu2+/biochar-doped TiO2 using corn straw as sacrificial agent in water decomposition to hydrogen

Photocatalytic performance of biochar-modified TiO2(C/TiO2) for ammonia–nitrogen removal

“…Then, the introduction of biochar was beneficial to ˙OH formation, which could form oxygen vacancies on the composed photocatalyst. 44 Thus, more oxygen was attracted to C/TiO 2 , consequently improving its photocatalytic performance. In conclusion, the introduction of biochar was effective for enhancing the NH 3 –N removal efficiency of the composite.…”

Optimization of process variables for the concurrent removal of aliphatic and aromatic volatile organic compounds over a copper impregnated titanium dioxide photocatalyst

“…22 Such a decrease may be accounted for by the stress generated in the TiO 2 lattice because of the differences in the ionic radii of titanium (Ti) and copper (Cu) species (Ti 4+ ionic radius = 0.61 Å, Cu 2+ ionic radius = 0.73 Å, and Cu + ionic radius = 0.77 Å). 23,24 Moreover, the increase in lattice strain values (e.g., from 0.0068% for pure TiO 2 to 0.0074% for Cu@TiO 2 ) indicates the lattice dislocation or crystal imperfections upon Cu addition. On the other hand, CuO particles exhibited a slightly larger crystallite size of 27.2 nm with a lattice strain value of 0.0044%.…”

Fabrication of Cu2O-loaded TiO2 nanotubes with heterojunctions via an electrochemical method: enhanced photocatalytic activity

“…However, noble metal catalysts are expensive, which is unrealistic for future industrial applications. 18 Recent studies have demonstrated that non-metallic cocatalysts (such as Ni-, 19 Cu-, 20 Mo-, 21 and Co (ref. 22)-based cocatalysts) can be used as substitutes for noble metal cocatalysts in photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production because of their excellent capability to trap electrons or holes.…”