Considering Safe Water Entry

Langendorfer, Stephen J.

doi:10.25035/ijare.04.04.02

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The third factor, Motion control in water, highlighted the importance of the acquisition of two swimming competencies, such us safe entry and gliding (Stallman et al, 2017). The degree of risk upon water entry depends on the task, environment, and the individual (Langendorfer, 2010). Accidental falls into water require the person to hold their breath, reorient themselves, return to the surface, obtain a floating position, rest, and/or start moving in a certain direction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Validity of the Fear of Water Assessment Questionnaire

et al. 2020

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Fear of water is the strongest predictor for no or low swimming competencies. Some individuals will never learn to swim due to their complete avoidance of water, whereas others might have difficulty with learning due to the fact that they cannot sufficiently relax their body to facilitate floating or swimming. Therefore, it is important to identify these people and to establish effective teaching strategies that can best help this specific population. Recognizing this, there is a clear need for an assessment tool which can help swim teachers and coaches identify people with a fear of water. The study aimed to first develop and then validate a fear of water assessment questionnaire (FWAQ). 2074 male and female people participated in the creation of a 40-item questionnaire. The exploratory factor showed that a 3 factor solution including 20 items was most sensiblesuch a solution accounted for 31.69% of explained variance and the Cronbach's alpha α was 0.831, which makes for a reliable enough solution. A subsequent discriminant function analysis correctly classified 98.2% of participants. We concluded that the findings from this study support that the FWAQ is a valid scale that effectively identify people with fear of water.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Validity of the Fear of Water Assessment Questionnaire

et al. 2020

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“…Entry into water. The degree of risk when entering the water varies according to the individual, the task, and the environment (Langendorfer, 2010). Unintentional falls into open water are a frequent cause of drowning.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Closely related to breath control, buoyancy control is a key element in the teaching of water competence. It is widely accepted as foundational for water competency (American Red Cross, 2015;Langendorfer & Bruya, 1995;Stallman et al, 2008;2010). Human flotation is dependent on the relationship between the body's mass and volume, i.e.…”

Section: Stationary Surface Competencementioning

confidence: 99%

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From Swimming Skill to Water Competence: Towards a More Inclusive Drowning Prevention Future

Stallman¹,

Moran²,

Quan³

et al. 2017

IJARE

119

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Brenner, Moran, Stallman, Gilchrist and McVan, (2006) recommended that "swimming ability be promoted as a necessary component of water competence, but with the understanding that swimming ability alone is [often] not sufficient to prevent drowning" (p. 116). Tradition and expert opinion are no longer enough. Science can now help us select essential competencies. What does research evidence show us about the protective value of specific individual personal competencies? Since the term "water competence'' was coined by Langendorfer and Bruya (1995) and adapted for drowning prevention by Moran (2013), it has gained in use and acceptance. As a construct, it is indeed more inclusive than "swimming skill'' alone for addressing drowning prevention. Our proposed taxonomy of water competencies re-emphasizes the need for a broad spectrum of physical aquatic competencies as well as the integration of cognitive and affective competencies. The purpose of this review article is to a) identify all the key elements of water competence, b) support each recommended type of water competence with examples of research evidence, and c) suggest areas requiring further research.

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Considering Safe Water Entry

Cited by 2 publications

References 3 publications

Development and Validity of the Fear of Water Assessment Questionnaire

Development and Validity of the Fear of Water Assessment Questionnaire

From Swimming Skill to Water Competence: Towards a More Inclusive Drowning Prevention Future

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