“…Basca & Csíkos, 2016;Djigunović, 2016;. While affective factors have been recognised as impacting on test performance in general (Bachman & Palmer, 2010), the examination of task-related affective factors seems particularly important in young learner contexts (Carless & Lam, 2014), because children's achievement on a test is closely linked to their interest in test tasks (Bailey, Heritage, & Butler, 2014;Hasselgreen & Caudwell, 2016) and their emotional reactions to these tasks (Jang, Vincett, Vander Boom, Lau, & Yang, 2017). In addition, in instructed classroom settings, individual instances of assessment might be considered low-stakes at face value, whereas at the same time scores might inform aspects of the teaching and learning, and thus confidence in the test results is also essential in such contexts.…”