Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions Grid of the Future White Paper on Review of Recent Reliability Issues and Systems Events

Residential Demand Management Using Individualized Demand Aware Price Policies

“…Exposing electricity end users to wholesale market prices (real-time pricing) has the drawback that demand may be shifted to hours with low electricity price, which can "lead to a higher peak electricity price and peak-to-average ratio during the low price time", according to [13]. There is a significant challenge in ensuring that such real-time prices do not cause physical or market instabilities [20], and it has been shown that multiple, uncoordinated responses to frequently changing prices can cause increased volatility, and potentially grid instability [21]- [23].…”

Catastrophe of Power Transmission System

“…This price discrepancy has resulted in a growing amount of bulk power being transferred over long distances throughout the transmission grid, worsening a shortage of reserve margins in transmission that has prevailed since the mid 1980s. Consequently, blackouts and brownouts in the eastern and western parts of the country have been increasing in number at an alarming rate during recent years [7,8].…”

“…However, at least in the USA, ideas are evolving in this respect, prompted by the increasing number of major incidents that have plagued the US power systems since the mid 1990s. The frequency of major blackouts, which was about one per decade until 1996, has started to grow at an alarming rate since then [7,8]. For example, in July 1996, a series of blackouts struck the western part of the USA, leaving 2.2 million customers without electricity.…”

“…More recently, California has been struck by rolling blackouts initiated by the utilities to overcome a severe shortage of generation during peak hours. An exhaustive account of these blackouts can be found in the report prepared for the Transmission Reliability Program of the Department of Energy [8]. Besides the causes of the degradation of the power system reliability listed previously, there is the detrimental role played by the protection systems during large disturbances.…”

Σχεδιασμός Πρότυπου Διαμεσολαβητή Εποπτείας Και Διαχείρισης Ηλεκτρικού Δικτύου Με Την Προσέγγιση Της Μηχανικής Γνωσιακών Συστημάτων

“…Σξεζηκνπνηψληαο ηηο πξνβιέςεηο θαηξνχ, νη ρεηξηζηέο ζε πνιιέο πεξηπηψζεηο έρνπλ αξθεηφ ρξφλν λα πξνεηνηκαζηνχλ θαη λα δξάζνπλ θαηάιιεια, εληζρχνληαο ηελ επαλαηαθηηθφηεηα (resilience) ηνπ ζπζηήκαηνο, ζην δπλακηθφ πεξηβάιινλ πνπ ραξαθηεξίδεη ηνλ ηνκέα ειεθηξηθήο ελέξγεηαο (Hauer & Dagle, 1999). Βέβαηα, ζε θάπνηεο πεξηπηψζεηο ε ζθνδξφηεηα ησλ θαηλνκέλσλ θαη νη θαηαζηξνθέο πνπ επηθέξνπλ ζηα δίθηπα είλαη ηέηνηα, πνπ είλαη αδχλαηνλ λα θαηαζηεί δηαρεηξίζηκε, αθφκε θαη κε ηε κεγαιχηεξε δπλαηή πξνεηνηκαζία.…”