“…The SFM is considered one of the most vital models and is characterized by terms that are capable of formulating and accommodating aspects of crowd dynamics, introducing self-organization phenomena [41][42][43], and reproducing real-life data [44,45]. Extensions of the SFM can enhance the capability for accommodating and controlling various walking behaviors, such as avoiding groups [22,46], penetrating jammed crowds [47] and walking competition [48,49], which are essential factors in comprehending the 'faster is slower' phenomenon [50,51]. The agents in the SFM are self-driven particles, where each agent m is motivated to adapt its actual velocity to reach the velocity it prefers to walk, called the preferred velocity.…”