Abstract:Abstract:A new triterpenoid, 3-oxo-12β-hydroxy-oleanan-28,13β-olide (1), and six known triterpenoids 2-7 were isolated from the root bark of Ekebergia capensis, an African medicinal plant. A limonoid 8 and two glycoflavonoids 9-10 were found in its leaves. The metabolites were identified by NMR and MS analyses, and their cytotoxicity was evaluated against the mammalian African monkey kidney (vero), mouse breast cancer (4T1), human larynx carcinoma (HEp2) and human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell lines. Out of … Show more
“…Little is known on the antimicrobial activities of this plant, but Sewram et al, (2000) reported that compounds isolated from this plant showed uterotonic activities against both pregnant and non pregnant guinea pig uterine smooth muscle. However, compounds previously isolated from the genus Ekebergia such as terpenoids; oleanonic acid, 12 , ekeberin A, 13 , flavonoids; kaempferol-3-O-β- d -glucopyranoside, 14 , quercetin-3-O-β- d -glucopyranoside, 15 (Irungu et al, 2014;) could be the reason why these extracts showed good antimycoplasmal activities against all the strains tested.…”
Ethnopharmocological relevanceMembers of ‘Mycoplasma mycoides cluster’ are important ruminant pathogens in Africa. Diseases caused by these Mycoplasma negatively affect the agricultural sector especially in developing countries through losses in livestock productivity, mortality and international trade restrictions. There is therefore urgent need to develop antimicrobials from alternative sources such as medicinal plants to curb these diseases. In Kenya, smallholder farmers belonging to the Maasai, Kuria and Luo rely on traditional Kenyan herbals to treat respiratory symptoms in ruminants. In the current study extracts from some of these plants were tested against the growth of members of Mycoplasma mycoides cluster.AimThis study aimed at identifying plants that exhibit antimycoplasmal activities using an ethnobotanical approach.Materials and methodsKenyan farmers of Maasai, Luo and Kuria ethnic groups were interviewed for plant remedies given to livestock with respiratory syndromes. The plant materials were thereafter collected and crude extracts prepared using a mixture of 50% of methanol (MeOH) in dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), neat methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH) and water to yield four crude extracts per plant part. The extracts were tested in vitro against five strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri, five strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides and one strain of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp capricolum using broth micro-dilution assays with an initial concentration of 1 mg/ml. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the most active extracts were determined by serial dilution.ResultsExtracts from five plants namely: Solanum aculeastrum, Albizia coriaria, Ekebergia capensis, Piliostigma thonningii and Euclea divinorum exhibited the highest activities against the Mycoplasma strains tested. Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides were more susceptible to these extracts than Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri and Mycoplasma capricolum susp. capricolum. The activities of the crude extracts varied with the solvent used for extraction. The MICs mean values of the active extracts varied from 0.02 to 0.6 mg/ml.ConclusionsThe results suggested that these plants could potentially contain antimicrobial compounds that might be useful for the treatment of respiratory diseases in ruminants. Future work should focus on the isolation and identification of the active compounds from the plant extracts that showed interesting activities and evaluation of their antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential.
“…Little is known on the antimicrobial activities of this plant, but Sewram et al, (2000) reported that compounds isolated from this plant showed uterotonic activities against both pregnant and non pregnant guinea pig uterine smooth muscle. However, compounds previously isolated from the genus Ekebergia such as terpenoids; oleanonic acid, 12 , ekeberin A, 13 , flavonoids; kaempferol-3-O-β- d -glucopyranoside, 14 , quercetin-3-O-β- d -glucopyranoside, 15 (Irungu et al, 2014;) could be the reason why these extracts showed good antimycoplasmal activities against all the strains tested.…”
Ethnopharmocological relevanceMembers of ‘Mycoplasma mycoides cluster’ are important ruminant pathogens in Africa. Diseases caused by these Mycoplasma negatively affect the agricultural sector especially in developing countries through losses in livestock productivity, mortality and international trade restrictions. There is therefore urgent need to develop antimicrobials from alternative sources such as medicinal plants to curb these diseases. In Kenya, smallholder farmers belonging to the Maasai, Kuria and Luo rely on traditional Kenyan herbals to treat respiratory symptoms in ruminants. In the current study extracts from some of these plants were tested against the growth of members of Mycoplasma mycoides cluster.AimThis study aimed at identifying plants that exhibit antimycoplasmal activities using an ethnobotanical approach.Materials and methodsKenyan farmers of Maasai, Luo and Kuria ethnic groups were interviewed for plant remedies given to livestock with respiratory syndromes. The plant materials were thereafter collected and crude extracts prepared using a mixture of 50% of methanol (MeOH) in dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), neat methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH) and water to yield four crude extracts per plant part. The extracts were tested in vitro against five strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri, five strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides and one strain of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp capricolum using broth micro-dilution assays with an initial concentration of 1 mg/ml. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the most active extracts were determined by serial dilution.ResultsExtracts from five plants namely: Solanum aculeastrum, Albizia coriaria, Ekebergia capensis, Piliostigma thonningii and Euclea divinorum exhibited the highest activities against the Mycoplasma strains tested. Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides were more susceptible to these extracts than Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri and Mycoplasma capricolum susp. capricolum. The activities of the crude extracts varied with the solvent used for extraction. The MICs mean values of the active extracts varied from 0.02 to 0.6 mg/ml.ConclusionsThe results suggested that these plants could potentially contain antimicrobial compounds that might be useful for the treatment of respiratory diseases in ruminants. Future work should focus on the isolation and identification of the active compounds from the plant extracts that showed interesting activities and evaluation of their antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential.
“…Some of the pharmacological activities of E. capensis listed in literature include acetylcholinesterase-inhibitory [57], analgesic and anti-inflammatory [26,69,70], anthelmintic [55,71], antibacterial [25,51,56,72,73], antigonococcal [25,67], antimycobacterial 74], antimycoplasmal [47], antifungal [25,56,72,73], antihypertensive [19,75], antioxidant [27,57,68,76], antimalarial and antiplasmodial [33,34,58,59,[77][78][79], antischistosomal [80], antitrypanosomal [81], and antiviral [25,60] and cytotoxicity [26,34,59,60,76,[82][83][84] activities. These pharmacological activities of various parts of the species are summarized below.…”
Section: Pharmacological Activities Of E Capensismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The Ames test revealed that all leaf extracts were non-mutagenic toward S. typhimurium strain TA98 but bark extracts induced 50.0 revertant colonies at 500 µg/ml and 50.0 µg/ml and there was no dose-dependent increase and; therefore, the extract could be classified as a weak mutagen[26]. Irungu et al[59] evaluated the cytotoxicity activities of leaf and root extracts of E. capensis and compounds6,7,16,22,23,25,28,41, and 42isolated from the species against the mammalian African monkey kidney (vero), mouse breast cancer (4T1), human larynx carcinoma (HEp2), and human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell lines using MTT assay. The leaf and root extracts exhibited activities against vero, 4T1 and HEp2 with IC 50 values ranging from 2.8 µM to 97.8 µM while compounds 42, 25, 23, and 22 showed activities with compound 42 with the highest cytotoxicity with IC 50 values of 1.4 µM and 13.3 µM against the HEp2 and 4T1 cells, respectively[59].…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The compounds 8 and 23 showed activities with IC 50 values of 6 µM and 7 µM, respectively[58]. Irungu et al[59] evaluated antiplasmodial activities of leaf and root extracts of E. capensis and compounds isolated from the species against the chloroquine sensitive (D6) and the chloroquine-resistant (W2) strains of P. falciparum. The leaf and root extracts, as well as compounds 22, 23, 41, and 42 exhibited moderate activities against the D6 and W2 strains of P. falciparum with IC 50 values ranging from 18.2 µM to 82.7 µM[59].…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Irungu et al[59] evaluated the cytotoxicity activities of leaf and root extracts of E. capensis and compounds6,7,16,22,23,25,28,41, and 42isolated from the species against the mammalian African monkey kidney (vero), mouse breast cancer (4T1), human larynx carcinoma (HEp2), and human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell lines using MTT assay. The leaf and root extracts exhibited activities against vero, 4T1 and HEp2 with IC 50 values ranging from 2.8 µM to 97.8 µM while compounds 42, 25, 23, and 22 showed activities with compound 42 with the highest cytotoxicity with IC 50 values of 1.4 µM and 13.3 µM against the HEp2 and 4T1 cells, respectively[59]. Sewram et al[42] evaluated the uterotonic activities of aqueous wood extracts of E. capensis using both pregnant and non-pregnant guinea pig uterine smooth muscle in vitro.…”
Ekebergia capensis is an integral part of indigenous pharmacopeia in tropical Africa. The present study critically reviewed the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of E. capensis. The keywords including E. capensis, its synonyms, English common names, ethnomedicinal uses, and phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of the species were searched using electronic databases such as ISI web of knowledge, ProQuest, science direct, OATD, Scopus, Open-thesis, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Pre-electronic literature of conference papers, scientific articles, books, book chapters, dissertations, and theses was carried out at the University Library. Literature studies revealed that E. capensis is mainly used as herbal medicine against fever and malaria, gastrointestinal problems, pain, parasitic worms, reproductive problems in women, respiratory problems, and skin diseases. Phytochemical compounds identified from the species include alkaloids, anthraquinones, coumarins, flavonoids, glycoflavonoids, glycosides, iridoids, limonoids, polyphenols, phytosteroids, pregnane, saponins, tannins, and withanolides. Pharmacological studies revealed that E. capensis extracts and compounds have acetylcholinesterase-inhibitory, analgesic and anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, antigonococcal, antimycobacterial, antimycoplasmal, antihypertensive, antioxidant, antimalarial and antiplasmodial, antischistosomal, antitrypanosomal, and antiviral and cytotoxicity activities. Although pharmacological evaluations carried out so far have confirmed the potency of E. capensis crude extracts and compounds, detailed studies are required aimed at establishing the efficacy, clinical relevance, safety, and mechanisms of action of the plant extracts and compounds.
Background
Cosmetic treatments that inspire one's appearance to resemble their younger portrait often utilize ingredients that confer acute effects, particularly hydration by creating hydrophobic barriers or transient elevation of barrier water content. But superior therapies successfully promote morphogenesis of the dermal‐epidermal junction, inspiring extracellular matrix (ECM) formation. This can be achieved by agonism of the very well‐known retinoid nuclear receptors using the endogenous ligand all‐trans retinoic acid (tRA), tRA precursors or plant‐based functional analogues, with reduced side effects.
Aims, Materials and Methods
While there are already many promising cosmetic ingredients available from the world's flora, higher potency is favoured, so increasing known candidates is a worth undertaking. Functional analogues of retinoic acid can be identified by culturing fibroblasts with lipophilic candidates from the plant kingdom and assessing gene‐arrays. Modern approaches to validating these findings include the coculturing of fibroblasts with keratinocytes as a measure to predict the potential effects of crosstalk.
Results and Discussion
In this regard, the most promising plant‐derived candidates are of terpene or meroterpene origin, including derivatives of squalene and phytol. Surprisingly pimaric or abietic acids and labdane diterpenes are also noteworthy agonists of the retinoic acid receptor, stimulating collagen expression in dermal fibroblasts.
Conclusion
There are numerous derivatives of these terpenes available from the world's flora and research conducted thus far encourages further screening of these chemical candidates.
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