372Most preclinical therapeutic studies of microRNAs (miRs) and small interfering (si)RNAs have provided "proof of principle" that upon ex vivo transfection of cancer cells, a therapeutic effect can be obtained. [1][2][3] We previously demonstrated that the need to transfect could potentially be overcome by using miR to directly modulate the immune system and initiate antitumor cytotoxicity. 4 Malignant cells express various antigens recognized by the immune system, but antitumor cytotoxicity is restrained by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling. [5][6][7][8] We have identified miR-124 as a key regulator of the STAT3 pathway and shown that systemically administered miR-124 has marked therapeutic effects in preclinical malignancy models, including in established, heterogeneous, highgrade, genetically engineered murine models during late stages of gliomagenesis. 4 These therapeutic effects encompass marked enhancement of antitumor immunity, including interferon (IFN)-γ responses, and reversal of tumor-mediated immunosuppression. 4
AbstractBackground. Previously we showed therapeutic efficacy of unprotected miR-124 in preclinical murine models of glioblastoma, including in heterogeneous genetically engineered murine models by exploiting the immune system and thereby negating the need for direct tumor delivery. Although these data were promising, to implement clinical trials, we required a scalable formulation that afforded protection against circulatory RNases. Methods. We devised lipid nanoparticles that encapsulate and protect the miRs from degradation and provide enhanced delivery into the immune cell compartment and tested in vivo antitumor effects. Results. Treatment with nanoparticle-encapsulated miR-124, LUNAR-301, demonstrated a median survival exceeding 70 days, with an associated reversal of tumor-mediated immunosuppression and induction of immune memory. In both canine and murine models, the safety profile of LUNAR-301 was favorable. Conclusions. For the first time, we show that nanoparticles can direct a therapeutic response by targeting intracellular immune pathways. Although shown in the context of gliomas, this therapeutic approach would be applicable to other malignancies.