“…Extensive activation of microglia and astrocytes is observed in animal models of epilepsy and in cerebral tissues resected from epileptic patients (Eyo, Murugan, & Wu, 2017; Feng et al, 2019; Patel, Tewari, Chaunsali, & Sontheimer, 2019; Shapiro, Wang, & Ribak, 2008). Gliosis results from activation of microglia and astrocytes in response to CNS damage and ultimately leads to glial scar formation (Bedner et al, 2015; Deshpande et al, 2020; Sofroniew & Vinters, 2010; Szalay et al, 2016). Gliosis can be beneficial, by helping maintain the extracellular environment and restoring blood–brain barrier function, or detrimental by increasing regional concentrations of neurotoxic inflammatory substances, impairing functional recovery, and worsening clinical signs (Sofroniew, 2009; Zhang, Hu, Qian, O'Callaghan, & Hong, 2010).…”