“…Tunneling cracks propagating across a bond-line, loaded quasi-static or cyclic, are comparable with propagating off-axis matrix tunneling cracks in composite structures e.g. cross ply laminates [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. Tunneling cracks have been modelled extensively through the last three decades using linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) [22,23,24,25,19,26,27].…”