Constrained neural adaptive predictive control of SMES for dynamic performance improvement of power systems

Abstract

For dynamic performance improvement of modern power systems, the use of fast acting energy systems like superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) is imperative. In this paper, incorporation of a small rating SMES in a solar and wind power penetrated multi-area power system is proposed. A non-linear neural adaptive predictive controller is used to generate an optimal power command taking into account the converter rating and energy level constraints of SMES unit. The SMES is represented by a control relevant model comprising of a first order lag compensator cascaded by an integrator to translate the hardware constraints pertaining to its coil current into modified power constraints. Moreover for avoiding the sudden SMES outage, the power thresholds are forcibly varied as the SMES current reaches near its maximum and minimum values. The uprightness of the designed scheme is illustrated by simulation studies performed on a three area power system.

Concerted voltage frequency control and superconducting magnetic energy storage operation using optimal adaptive model predictive control for improved frequency response of power system

“…The mechanical power generated by the turbine‐generator ensemble is governed by controlling the wind turbine speed within the rated wind speed range. The wind speed and generated power, $$$ {P}_w $$$ are supposed to have an algebraic relationship, as given by the equation below: 5,31 Where, $$$ {P}_w $$$ is generated power [$$$ W $$$], $$$ \rho $$$ is air density [$$$ kg/{m}^3 $$$], $$$ {C}_p $$$ is power coefficient, $$$ \lambda $$$ is tip speed ratio (defined as ratio of blade tip speed [$$$ m/s $$$] and wind speed $$$ {\nu}_w $$$ [$$$ m/s $$$]), $$$ \theta $$$ is pitch angle of the rotor blades [$$$ \mathit{\deg} $$$], is the area swept by the blades of turbine [$$…”

“…The fundamental way that wind farms interact with the system is through power exchange. Therefore, a simplified model of DFIG is employed, which yields the accurate relation between wind speed and generated real power validated by the authors in Reference 31. Typically, DFIG rotor is interfaced with the grid through back‐to‐back converters with an intermediary DC link, and the stator is directly coupled to the grid.…”

“…The mechanical power generated by the turbine-generator ensemble is governed by controlling the wind turbine speed within the rated wind speed range. The wind speed and generated power, P w are supposed to have an algebraic relationship, as given by the equation below: 5,31 F I G U R E 2 Simplified model of DFIG fed energy system…”

Modeling and performance assessment of an isolated wind-diesel system with flywheel energy storage system

“…Moreover, the variation in the system frequency of the wind-diesel system is caused due to their low inertia as such systems are not connected to a utility grid (Stavrakakis and Kariniotakis, 1995; Thoker and Lone, 2021; Zargar et al, 2018b). In this regard, energy storage devices can be utilized for better penetration of wind power, thereby, reducing the effects of the random nature of wind.Fast acting energy storage devices are capable of maintaining the balance in active and reactive powers of the system (Kumar et al, 2022; Syed and Mufti, 2021). Such devices provide simultaneous compensation of both system frequency and voltage by modulating active and reactive powers.…”

Dynamic performance improvement of an isolated wind-diesel system with intelligently controlled supercapacitor energy storage system

“…Moreover, they basically do not need any maintenance, and they have a lifespan estimated in decades with minimal life reduction from repeated cycles. So, a suitable approach for better load frequency control (LFC) in a hybrid power system is to apply a small-rating SCESS (Mufti et al, 2015; Syed and Mufti, 2021). The introduction of renewable energy sources, particularly wind turbines, increases the difficulty of regulating frequency and tie power.…”