“…Carminati et al, 2004 ). On the other hand, in situ measurements in deep boreholes indicate higher horizontal than vertical stresses ( McGarr and Gay, 1978;Brudy et al, 1997;Reynolds et al, 2006 ), and both reference states represent, at best, incomplete approaches to lithospheric stresses. Several natural processes can modify the reference state, such as tectonic stresses arising from plate boundaries, topographic loading, unloading due to erosion, lithospheric bending, thermoelastic loads, and pore fluid pressure ( Turcotte and Schubert, 1982;Twiss and Moores, 1992;Engelder, 1993;Caputo, 2005 ).…”