Constraints and opportunities for better silvicultural practice in tropical forestry: an interdisciplinary approach

Ethnobiology, socio-economics and management of mangrove forests: A review

“…Mangroves are planted for various purposes, including (i) wood production to support commercial or small-scale forestry; (ii) shoreline protection, channel stabilization and storm protection for coastal human settlements from cyclones and other extreme natural events, and for protection against seawater intrusion; (iii) fisheries, aquaculture and wildlife enhancement; (iv) legislative compliance with protective measures and compensatory requirements; (v) social enrichment (e.g., aesthetics, income generation through eco-tourism); and (vi) ecological restoration (Field, 1996;Bhatta and Bhat, 1998;Kairo et al, 2001;Walters, 2004;Walters et al, 2005). Nursery and planting techniques vary considerably among mangrove species, and the silvicultural methods chosen will depend on which of the above objectives are desired (Field, 1998;Saenger, 2002).…”

Effects of different management regimes on mangrove ecosystem services in Java, Indonesia

“…Ways of replanting have been described in, among others, Saenger (2002), Graham and Jain (2004), and . The majority of the scientific literature on silviculture focuses on other more tropical forest types (see Walters et al (2005) for an overview) and mangrove silviculture in mangrove systems is relatively unknown.…”

Forest and environment: developments in global change ecology

“…Deforestation and degradation have a series of direct and underlying causes, 35,36 but none of these can be resolved if land and forest tenure are not clear or are not enforced. [37][38][39][40] State land is more frequently subject to conversion into agricultural land than privately owned land.…”