Constructed Wetlands Case Studies for the Treatment of Water Polluted with Fuel and Oil Hydrocarbons

Stefanakis, Alexandros I.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99651-6_6

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The system achieves almost complete organic matter degradation and ammonia nitrification, mainly as a result of the high oxygen provided via the artificial aeration. Similar high efficiency is also reported in other studies with aerated wetlands in temperate climates [59][60][61]. It is also noticeable that high efficiency is achieved in terms of TN removal, indicating that denitrification also takes place in the system despite being highly aerobic, a finding reported elsewhere too [62][63][64].…”

Section: Municipal Wastewater Treatment In An Aerated Constructed Wet...supporting

confidence: 89%

Constructed Wetlands for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment in Hot and Arid Climates: Opportunities, Challenges and Case Studies in the Middle East

Stefanakis

2020

Water

129

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Many countries and regions around the world are facing a continuously growing pressure on their limited freshwater resources, particularly those under hot and arid climates. Higher water demand than availability led to over-abstraction and deterioration of the available freshwater resources’ quality. In this context, wastewater, if properly treated, can represent a new water source added in the local water balance, particularly in regions of Colorado, California, Australia, China and in the wide region of the Middle East, which is characterized as one of most water-stressed regions in the world. This article summarizes the status of wastewater treatment and management in the Middle East and discusses the challenges, the various barriers and also the opportunities that arise by introducing the sustainable technology of Constructed Wetlands in the region. Furthermore, the aim of the article is to provide a better insight into the possibility and feasibility of a wider implementation of this green technology under the hot and arid climate of Middle East by presenting several successful case studies of operating Constructed Wetlands facilities in the region for the treatment of various wastewater sources.

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Section: Municipal Wastewater Treatment In An Aerated Constructed Wet...supporting

confidence: 89%

Constructed Wetlands for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment in Hot and Arid Climates: Opportunities, Challenges and Case Studies in the Middle East

Stefanakis

2020

Water

129

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“…Such CWs will not only protect the environment but can also boost the local biodiversity. Practical implementation of CWs for the treatment of high-volume industrial wastewater, such as PI-WW, is described by Stefanakis (2019).…”

Section: Reuse Of Petroleum-industry Wastewater In Hot Arid Climatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In areas with sufficient water supply, the treatment and reuse, instead of disposal of PI-WW, protects the environmental quality of surface water and prevents the contamination of groundwater that is potentially used as a drinking water source. Various physical, chemical, and biological treatment technologies for PI-WW that could allow its reuse have been studied in recent years (Fakhru'l-Razi et al 2009;Sosa-Fernandez et al 2018, 2019Sudmalis et al 2018). Amongst these, naturebased treatment in the form of a constructed wetland (CW) is an attractive treatment option, because it has low energy and maintenance requirements, it is regarded as aesthetically enriching landscapes, and it can function as an oasis in desert landscapes where it can significantly improve the local biodiversity (Stefanakis 2018(Stefanakis , 2019(Stefanakis , 2020a.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, one of the largest CWs in the world was built in the desert of Oman for the treatment of PI-WW (Stefanakis et al 2018). The treatment of PI-WW in CWs results in the removal of heavy oil fractions and grease compounds (Abed et al 2014;Alley et al 2013;Horner et al 2012;Ji et al 2002Ji et al , 2007Stefanakis 2018a, b), light hydrocarbons (Stefanakis 2020b), heavy metals (Alley et al 2013;Horner et al 2012;Ji et al 2002Ji et al , 2007Kanagy et al 2008), organics (Ji et al 2002(Ji et al , 2007Stefanakis 2018Stefanakis , 2019Rehman et al 2019) and total nitrogen (Ji et al 2002, 2007, Stefanakis 2018, 2019 from the PI-WW with a low salinity. The removal of conditioning chemicals from PI-WW in CWs has not been assessed yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of salinity on the treatment of synthetic petroleum-industry wastewater in pilot vertical flow constructed wetlands under simulated hot arid climatic conditions

Wagner

Al-Manji

Xue

et al. 2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Petroleum-industry wastewater (PI-WW) is a potential source of water that can be reused in areas suffering from water stress. This water contains various fractions that need to be removed before reuse, such as light hydrocarbons, heavy metals and conditioning chemicals. Constructed wetlands (CWs) can remove these fractions, but the range of PI-WW salinities that can be treated in CWs and the influence of an increasing salinity on the CW removal efficiency for abovementioned fractions is unknown. Therefore, the impact of an increasing salinity on the removal of conditioning chemicals benzotriazole, aromatic hydrocarbon benzoic acid, and heavy metal zinc in lab-scale unplanted and Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia planted vertical-flow CWs was tested in the present study. P. australis was less sensitive than T. latifolia to increasing salinities and survived with a NaCl concentration of 12 g/L. The decay of T. latifolia was accompanied by a decrease in the removal efficiency for benzotriazole and benzoic acid, indicating that living vegetation enhanced the removal of these chemicals. Increased salinities resulted in the leaching of zinc from the planted CWs, probably as a result of active plant defence mechanisms against salt shocks that solubilized zinc. Plant growth also resulted in substantial evapotranspiration, leading to an increased salinity of the CW treated effluent. A too high salinity limits the reuse of the CW treated water. Therefore, CW treatment should be followed by desalination technologies to obtain salinities suitable for reuse. In this technology train, CWs enhance the efficiency of physicochemical desalination technologies by removing organics that induce membrane fouling. Hence, P. australis planted CWs are a suitable option for the treatment of water with a salinity below 12 g/L before further treatment or direct reuse in water scarce areas worldwide, where CWs may also boost the local biodiversity. Keywords Benzotriazole. Benzoic acid. Zinc. Phragmites australis. Typha latifolia. Vertical flow constructed wetlands Highlights • Constructed wetlands remove conditioning chemicals from saline water • An increase in salinity lowers the benzotriazole and benzoic acid removal • Salinity shocks result in the release of zinc from planted constructed wetlands • Evapotranspiration increases electrical conductivity which limits the reuse of water

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“…Another study investigated pilot-scale CWs located next to an industrial area with many industrial facilities and an old refinery, where intense groundwater contamination occurred with benzene, MTBE, and ammonium, among other organic compounds [91,92]. The experimental setup included several designs, such as aerated ponds [24], HSSF CWs, and VF CWs.…”

Section: Fate Of Mtbe In Constructed Wetlandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fate of MTBE and BTEX in Constructed Wetlands

Stefanakis

2019

Applied Sciences

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Hydrocarbon contamination of water resources is a global issue. These compounds are generated and discharged into the environment in industrial areas from chemical and petrochemical plants, oil refineries, power plants, and so forth. Fuel hydrocarbons, namely, BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) and MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether), are commonly found in groundwater, posing environmental and health risks to humans and ecosystems. Nature-based technologies represent an alternative solution, providing high efficiency, an environmentally friendly character, simple operation, and cost efficiency, which are characteristics particularly desired by the international petroleum industry. This article discusses the use of the green technology of constructed wetlands to remediate water polluted with hydrocarbons. Although the number of related international experiences and studies is limited, the article presents the latest developments of wetland technology for the removal of MTBE and benzene-BTEX. The discussion includes the overall efficiency of the different wetland types that have been tested and used, the main transformation and removal processes that regulate the fate of BTEX and MTBE in constructed wetlands, and the potential for future investigations.

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Constructed Wetlands Case Studies for the Treatment of Water Polluted with Fuel and Oil Hydrocarbons

Cited by 7 publications

References 42 publications

Constructed Wetlands for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment in Hot and Arid Climates: Opportunities, Challenges and Case Studies in the Middle East

Constructed Wetlands for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment in Hot and Arid Climates: Opportunities, Challenges and Case Studies in the Middle East

Effects of salinity on the treatment of synthetic petroleum-industry wastewater in pilot vertical flow constructed wetlands under simulated hot arid climatic conditions

The Fate of MTBE and BTEX in Constructed Wetlands

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