Constructed Wetlands for Acid Drainage Control in the Tennessee Valley

Brodie, Gregory A.; Hammer, Donald A.; Tomljanovich, D.A.

doi:10.21000/jasmr88010325

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…For the site in question, iron loading should not exceed 4 7 kg Fe/day, and preferably be <28kg Fe/day. This translates to a preferred iron loading of 10.6 gdm, or roughly five times the estimate of Brodie et al (1988) for sites having an influent pH greater then 5.5: 1.92 gdm. Note, ho,vever, that compliance levels for iron are not required at the Simco outlet; the iron concentration must be <25 mg/L at the outlet in order to avoid chemical treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…After surveying constructed wetlands that were one to two years old, Girts et al (1987) observed that the most efficient systems had a ratio of 15 m2 per Umin flow. Brodie et al (1988) suggested an iron loading of 1.92 g Fe/day per m2 wetland when the influent pH exceeds 5.5 (=0.75 m2 per mg Fe/min). This figure was based on efficiency studies of several wetlands in Tennessee, and represents the first time that loading, rather than flow, has been used in determining the appropriate wetland size.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iron Loading, Efficiency and Sizing in a Constructed Wetland Receiving Mine Drainage

Stark¹,

Stevens²,

Webster³

et al. 1990

JASMR

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The Simco #4 wetland was constructed· near Coshocton, Ohio to treat a deep mine discharge in November 1985. It consists of three wetland cells totaling an area of 2623 m2. It. was planted with rhizomes of .IxD.b.a. l.atifQlia ( cattail) and over the course of three growing seasons it has evolved into a cattail-rice cutgrass (l&ersia oryzoides) wetland. In 1988, Simco had 80% vegetation cover and a cattail stem density approaching 19 shoots/m2. Wetland substrate depth was 65 cm, and the depth of surface water was 11 cm. The discharge averaged 111 mg/L total iron and a flow of 328 Umin. The treatment of water with respect to total iron has generally improved with age, averaging 62% in efficiency (Efficiency = Influent Fe -Effluent Fe/Influent Fe). Higher treatment efficiencies occurred in the summer and fall. Iron loading to the wetland is inversely correlated to treatment efficiency for total iron (r2=47%). Therefore, as the daily mass of iron entering the wetland increased, the ability of the \Vetland to remove iron from the water decreased. This relationship, however, appeared to be dependent on the age of the wetland. With increasing wetland age, iron loading had less effect on efficiency. An analysis of loadings and outlet iron concentrations revealed a recommended loading of <47 kg Fe/day and a preferred loading of <28 kg Fe/day. Simco has removed an average of 13.6 g Fe/day per m2 of wetland. However, Simco has effectively treated water having iron loadings of 10 g Fe/day per m2 of wetland. The implication of this study at Simco was to recommend a maximum iron loading to the system in order to ensure adequate water treatment. The great variation in f!o\V rates at Simco translates into the need to expand the current constructed wetland area in order to handle the high iron loadings of spring.Additional key \Vords: acid mine drainage, water treatment, Typha l.atifQlia L., flow rates, Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron Loading, Efficiency and Sizing in a Constructed Wetland Receiving Mine Drainage

Stark¹,

Stevens²,

Webster³

et al. 1990

JASMR

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“…We do not intend to imply that these sites are inferior to the ones discussed. Many of these wetlands are very effective (Girts et al 1987, Brodie et al 1988, however, their inclusion in this paper would complicate the interpretation of the results.…”

Section: The Screening Conditions Described Abovementioning

confidence: 97%

Sizing and Performance of Constructed Wetlands: Case Studies

Hedin¹,

Nairn²

1990

JASMR

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Abstract:Iron removal in three Pennsylvania wetlands constructed to treat acid mine drainage was evaluated.All wetlands were constructed with a mushroom compost substrate and were planted with Typha spp. Performance was evaluated by calculatin~ a~ea-adjusted iron loadings and removals as Fe g day-m-(gdm).An initial model of the iron removal capabilities of constructed wetlands was also evaluated. Relationships between pH, concentration, flow, loading and removal were considered. At the Somerset Site (avg. influent pH=4.0}, influent iron loading, which was primarily a function of concentration, was considerably more variable than iron removal.The relationship between the two appeared asymptotic, with remova 1 being independent at 1 oadi ngs above 15 gdm (avg. removal = 10.6 gdm) and averaging 54% of loading at loadings less than 15 gdm. Conversely, at the Latrobe Site (avg. influent pH=3.0J, variation in iron loading was primarily a consequence of flow variation.Removal averaged 2.7 gdm 1 at flows> 100 L min-I and 4.3 gdm when flow< 100 L min-.The overall average removal was 3.6 gdm. A significant relationship between loading and removal was not found.At the Friendship Hill Wetland, influent pH was 2.7, and iron removal averaged 3.3 gdm. The narrow range of loadings at this site prevented detailed analysis of loading:removal relationships. Overall, these data were used to develop preliminary wetland sizing criteria based upon iron loadJnJS· In ~ituations where.mine drainage h'\.s flow~ 50 L mm I and iron concentrat10n > 50 mg L-, loading-based criteria result in significantly larger wetlands than conventional flow-based criteria.

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“…The use of wetlands, or passive mine drainage treatment systems (PMDTS), to treat AMD evolved from the observation that the water quality of A M D flowing through natural sphagnum moss bogs improved. The Tennessee Valley Authority has the most experience in constructing wetlands for the treatment A M D from coal mines, which are typically aerobic systems designed for iron removal [9]. Historically, PMDTS were constructed as shallow ponds resembling natural wetlands focusing on plant uptake of metals as an important role in metals removal of these systems [IO].…”

Section: Biological Sulfate Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of the Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria Demonstration Project Under the Mine Waste Technology Program

Canty

1998

Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review

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Results are presented that were gathered during pilot-and field-scale testing of an innovative technology. sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), designed to treat and control acid mine drainage (AMD). The project was performed under the Mine Waste Technology Program (MWTP), which is funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and jointly administered by the EPA and the U.S. Department of Energy through an Interagency Agreement. The MWTP is implemented by MSE, Technology Applications, Inc., located in Butte, Montana. Sulfate-reducing bacteria, a common group of anaerobic bacteria, produce hydrogen sulfide and bicarbonate when supplied with sources of carbon and sulfate. Hydrogen sulfide reacts with metal ions in AMD, precipitating them as metal sulfides; the bicarbonate serves to help neutralized the drainage.Pilot-scale testing was performed within eight packed-bed reactors at a temperature representative of a field application of this technology in a northern climate, nominally 8 "~. The reactors, packed with an organic substrate, were operated continuously in upflow confinurations receiving AMD at a flowrate corresoondinr! to a 5 d a v retention time over ---a test duration of 60 days. During this time, numerous physical and chemical parameters were monitored. Pilot-scale metal removal efficiencies reached 99% for zinc, 99% for aluminum, 96% for manganese, 98% for cadmium, and 96% for copper. Iron and arsenic removal was not as effective as the aforementioned metals, which was largely attributed to the high levels of iron and arsenic contaminating the organic substrate. Evidence existed that both adsorption and sulfate reduction were occurring within the reactors. Field-scale testing was performed after completion of the pilot-scale testing. The main objective of conducting this field demonstration was to determine the effectiveness of the in situ use of bacterial sulfate reduction in the mitigation of metal contamination. The SRB field demonstration involved using the flooded subsurface mine workings of the Lilly/Orphan Boy Mine near Elliston, Montana, a s an "in situ biological reactor". Two platforms were suspended by cables in both sides of the.two-compartment shaft 30 'Downloaded by [University of California Santa Cruz] at 00:06 18 November 2014 62 M. CANTY feet below the static water level and were secured at the surface. An organic substrate to nourish the SRB was placed in the shaft and supported by the platforms. Numerous physical and chemical parameters are monitored at the mine through the collection and analysis of multiple samples, principally metals concentrations in the mine water. The total length of monitoring will be 3 years; data gathered during the first 1-112 years of monitoring are reported within this document.High removal efficiencies were observed for aluminum, cadmium, copper, and zinc (70 to near 100%) in the mine water of the Lilly/Orphan Boy Mine during the 1 -112 years of monitoring the field demonstration of the SRB technology. Low removal efficiencies were observed for ar...

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Constructed Wetlands for Acid Drainage Control in the Tennessee Valley

Cited by 20 publications

References 1 publication

Iron Loading, Efficiency and Sizing in a Constructed Wetland Receiving Mine Drainage

Iron Loading, Efficiency and Sizing in a Constructed Wetland Receiving Mine Drainage

Sizing and Performance of Constructed Wetlands: Case Studies

Overview of the Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria Demonstration Project Under the Mine Waste Technology Program

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