Constructing psychology: Making facts and fables for our times.

Scarr, Sandra

doi:10.1037/0003-066x.40.5.499

Cited by 287 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…First, most studies of the effects of home environment on intellectual development have focused on group performance more than on the performance of individuals. Indeed, data primarily from groups of children have been used to describe the differential effects of environmental variables according to how directly they influence the child (Bradley, 1993;Gottfried & Gottfried, 1984;Scarr, 1985). Scores on the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) Inventory (Caldwell & Bradley, 1978) have been classified as proximal indices of the child's environment because they reflect conditions directly experienced by the child.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Environmental Measures on Intelligence in Young Children: Growth Curve Modeling of Longitudinal Data

Espy¹,

Molfese²,

DiLalla³

2001

Merrill-Palmer Quarterly

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Effects of different environmental measures on individual intellectual growth patterns were examined in 105 young children participating in a longitudinal study. Intelligence 4 th edition) was measured at ages 3 through 6 years, and child's environment (HOME and SES) was assessed at age 3 years. Growth curve analyses revealed that HOME scores exerted a constant influence on the expected composite, verbal, and nonverbal intellectual skills at each age. Only SES influenced the rate of growth, specifically nonverbal intellectual skills. The magnitudes of these effects were moderate, but consistent, regardless of whether age-standardized or subscale raw scores were analyzed. These findings confirm that HOME and SES scores are more than just different types of measures of the child's environment.Performance on cognitive tests in childhood typically is better predicted by measures of the home environment and by variables that influ- Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, January 2001, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 42-73 This research is supported by grant R01 HD17860 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.We thank the participating children and their parents in the southern Illinois area. We also thank Tina Carpenter, Melissa Taylor, Theresa Senn, and Arlene Modglin for their help in test administration, data reduction, figure preparation, and project management. The helpful comments of three anonymous reviewers also are acknowledged.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to: Dr. Victoria J. Molfese, Nystrand/Ashland Chair, School of Education, Room 236, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208 or Dr. Kimberly Andrews Espy, Department of Psychiatry, Mailcode 6503, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901-6503. Email: tori@louisville.edu. ence the intellectual level of the home environment than by biomedical risk factors or infant developmental indices. In studies of normal and "atrisk" children (including preterm, low birthweight, and low socioeconomic status [SES]), strong correlations between markers for home environment quality (SES, maternal intelligence, characteristics of the home, and parenting practices) and performance on intelligence tests in infancy and early childhood are reported (e.g., Bradley, 1993;Bradley et al., 1993;Gottfried, 1984;Molfese, DiLalla, & Bunce, 1997;Molfese, DiLalla, & Lovelace, 1995;Schiamberg & Lee, 1991). The consistency in findings is remarkable in part because of the variety of measures used across studies to index home environment, including both molecular and molar measures (Bronfenbrenner, 1986). Results from these studies make a strong case for the influence of home environment on development, thereby suggesting that the child's environment, even when considered in the larger context, influences the development of intelligence.Although the value of home environment in predictive models has been demonstrated with preschool and school-aged children, several issues have not been addressed. First, most studies of the...

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Environmental Measures on Intelligence in Young Children: Growth Curve Modeling of Longitudinal Data

Espy¹,

Molfese²,

DiLalla³

2001

Merrill-Palmer Quarterly

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“…Observed maternal-interaction characteristics are both cross-sectionally and longitudinally related to cognitive ability in preschool-and schoolaged children. Further, these associations hold even when maternal background factors such as maternal IQ, socioeconomic status ͑SES͒, and life stressors have been controlled for ͑Kelly Longstreth et al, 1981;Scarr, 1985͒. High levels of warmth, responsivity, sensitivity, verbal interaction ͑Hann et al, 1996; Klein, Wieder, & Greenspan, 1987;Olson et al, 1984͒ and low levels of maternal directiveness and control ͑Klein et al, 1987;Murray & Hornbaker, 1997;Olson et al, 1984͒ have been linked to later cognitive competence.…”

Section: Cognitivementioning

confidence: 91%

Behavioral Control Dynamics and Developmental Outcomes in Infants Prenatally Exposed to Cocaine

Warren¹,

Malik²,

Lindahl³

et al. 2006

Infant Ment. Health J.

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This study longitudinally examined the associations between mother-infant interactions at 15 months and behavioral and cognitive outcomes at 36 months of age in a sample of at-risk, young children. Participants for the current study were 58 infants/toddlers prenatally exposed to cocaine and their maternal caregivers. These infants were from a low socioeconomic status background and were part of an intervention setting. When the children were 12, 15, and 36 months, they participated in research sessions with their maternal caregivers. Cognitive development at 12 months and maternal and infant behavior at 15 months were measured to predict behavioral and cognitive outcome at 36 months. Higher levels of maternal control at 15 months were marginally significant in predicting higher levels of problem behavior at 36 months whereas higher levels of infant resistance to control predicted lower levels of problem behavior. Furthermore, control-resistant behavior displayed by infants was a unique buffer against problem behavior, even after controlling for maternal factors and cognitive abilities. These findings suggest that maternal control attempts and infant reactions to those maternal control behaviors play an important role in the development of adaptive and maladaptive behavior patterns during early childhood.

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“…We are always on "this side" of the spectacles as we contemplate nature; reality is always on the "other side" of the spectacles (Rychlak, 1979). The idea that all knowledge, including scientific knowledge, flows from the theoretical constructs we inevitably bring to investigation is one form of a "constructionist" approach to epistemology being advanced more and more in psychology (Scarr, 1985).…”

Section: The "Empathic-introspective" Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of the relationship in clinical work with African-American clients

Jenkins

1990

Group

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It has been clear for some time that traditional approaches to psychotherapy do not necessarily translate in a simple and direct fashion to work with minorities, especially to persons of lower-and working-class background. Stanley Sue (1977) documents the difficulty mental health professionals have had in keeping minority clients in treatment. Nevertheless, it seems clear that problems in clinical work with minorities are not simply due to a wholesale inapropriateness of traditional psychotherapeutic methods. Rather, difficulties are at least partly due to our incomplete understanding of how therapy works with anyone--even when client and therapist are of White, middle-class background.On the other hand, we do know some things. Although there are clearly culture-specific factors that therapists must be aware of in the therapeutic situation, so-called traditional theory is continually developing and is itself affected by changes in cultural conceptions. Witness the current concern with narcissism and interest in the psychology of the self. I believe that there are

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Constructing psychology: Making facts and fables for our times.

Cited by 287 publications

References 16 publications

Effects of Environmental Measures on Intelligence in Young Children: Growth Curve Modeling of Longitudinal Data

Effects of Environmental Measures on Intelligence in Young Children: Growth Curve Modeling of Longitudinal Data

Behavioral Control Dynamics and Developmental Outcomes in Infants Prenatally Exposed to Cocaine

Dynamics of the relationship in clinical work with African-American clients

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