Construction and control of 3D porous structure based on vapor deposition on sublimation solids

Tung, Hsing-Ying; Sun, Ting-Pi; Sun, Ho-Yi; Guan, Zhen‐Yu; Hu, Shu-Kai; Chao, Ling; Chen, Hsien‐Yeh

doi:10.1016/j.apmt.2016.12.005

Cited by 19 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The bacteria-encapsulated capsule was fabricated by first preparing ice templates by directly transforming the liquid-phased bacteria-cultured media into a solidified ice template in a liquid nitrogen-conditioned bath. Subsequently, the fabrication exploited the previously described sublimation of ice and deposition of poly- p -xylylene in one continuous step [ 16 , 17 ] to construct a bacterially encapsulated polymeric capsule. A second transformation was performed with vapor-deposited poly- p -xylylene molecules to replace the resulting space when the sublimated ice/water molecules evaporated from the ice templates.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The shape of the final capsule construct replicated the shape of the transformed ice template, which was theoretically shaped by molding, sculpting, or solidifying droplets to obtain various sizes and geometries [ 15 ]. Ideally, shrinkage or dislocation of the construct is avoided owing to the continuous sublimation and deposition process [ 16 ]. As a result, the dimension of the fabricated capsule is depended on the size and shape of the mold used in the ice template preparation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, in this study, the proposed regulation approach exploited the cellulase self-induction mechanism by supplying a various number of CMC molecules for B. CMC1 in the same controlled volume in the capsule construct, and our second hypothesis was thus raised to validate whether increasing the concentration of CMC would proportionally increase the resultant enzymatic activity of B. CMC1 in the same capsule construct. While the versatility of the sublimation and deposition process was able to encapsulate/include multiple ingredients with a precisely administered composition and without molecular phase separation [ 16 ], the fabrication was straightforward and conducted by preparing iced templates containing both (i) B. CMC1 and (ii) various concentrations of CMC (0.25%, 1.5%, or 2.5% were selected for the demonstration in the study). Subsequently, the same sublimation and deposition process was performed to resolve the capsule construct that comprised a poly- p -xylylene matrix with simultaneous encapsulation (i) and (ii) the same matrix structure.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The function of CMC molecular in these bioremediation capsules was only to upregulate the function of cellulase activity [ 23 ]. However, the pore size of the capsule can be controlled by the deposition rate of the poly- p -xylylene [ 16 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The overall encapsulation process was realized based on our previously reported mechanism to deposit a vapor-phased poly- p -xylylene polymer on a template substrate that is eventually sublimated, and by manipulating the mass transport during the processing conditions, diverse species with distinct thermodynamic properties were subjected to sublimation and deposition within the confined space of the templates. Finally, transformation of the template resulted in the construction of composite materials with defined physical properties in terms of porosity, bulk size and geometry, and chemical functionality by the compartmentalized functional entities and the devised interfacial chemistries [ 16 ]. With respect to the vapor sublimation and deposition process, which has been reported to result in the precise localization and distribution of substances such as metals, molecules, and liquids to form composites with controlled homogeneity or anisotropy from various materials [ 15 , 17 ], we hypothesized that the benign and versatile vapor-phased process was able to encapsulate (i) unmodified native bacteria of the Bacillus species CMC1 (hereafter referred to as B. CMC1 ) with specific enzymatic function and the same precision to localize and distribute B. CMC1 due to the encapsulation technique, enabling well-controlled bacterial growth activities and functions, and (ii) a regulator molecule, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), with a customizable encapsulation concentration to provide the same customizable stimulation dosages to regulate the enzymatic functions of the neighboring B. CMC1 bacteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Synergistic and Regulatable Bioremediation Capsules Fabrication Based on Vapor-Phased Encapsulation of Bacillus Bacteria and its Regulator by Poly-p-Xylylene

Yang

Huang

et al. 2020

Polymers

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A regulatable bioremediation capsule material was synthesized with isolated single-strain bacteria (Bacillus species, B. CMC1) and a regulator molecule (carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC) by a vapor-phased encapsulation method with simple steps of water sublimation and poly-p-xylylene deposition in chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. Mechanically, the capsule construct exhibited a controllable shape and dimensions, and was composed of highly biocompatible poly-p-xylylene as the matrix with homogeneously distributed bacteria and CMC molecules. Versatility of the encapsulation of the molecules at the desired concentrations was achieved in the vapor-phased sublimation and deposition fabrication process. The discovery of the fabricated capsule revealed that viable living B. CMC1 inhabited the capsule, and the capsule enhanced bacterial growth due to the materials and process used. Biologically, the encapsulated B. CMC1 demonstrated viable and functional enzyme activity for cellulase activation, and such activity was regulatable and proportional to the concentration of the decorated CMC molecules in the same capsule construct. Impressively, 13% of cellulase activity increase was realized by encapsulation of B. CMC1 by poly-p-xylylene, and a further 34% of cellulase activity increase was achieved by encapsulation of additional 2.5% CMC. Accordingly, this synergistic effectiveness of the capsule constructs was established by combining enzymatic B. CMC1 bacteria and its regulatory CMC by poly-p-xylylene encapsulation process. This reported encapsulation process exhibited other advantages, including the use of simple steps and a dry and clean process free of harmful chemicals; most importantly, the process is scalable for mass production. The present study represents a novel method to fabricate bacteria-encapsulated capsule for cellulose degradation in bioremediation that can be used in various applications, such as wastewater treatment and transforming of cellulose into glucose for biofuel production. Moreover, the concept of this vapor-phased encapsulation technology can be correspondingly used to encapsulate multiple bacteria and regulators to enhance the specific enzyme functions for degradation of various organic matters.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Synergistic and Regulatable Bioremediation Capsules Fabrication Based on Vapor-Phased Encapsulation of Bacillus Bacteria and its Regulator by Poly-p-Xylylene

Yang

Huang

et al. 2020

Polymers

Self Cite

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Vapor Sublimation and Deposition Polymerization to Fabricate a Directional Scaffold for Guiding Tubular Dentin Regeneration

Christy,

Chuang,

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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Dental caries, or tooth decay, is a widespread problem and is generally considered irreversible, yet a regeneration solution exists to cure them. In this study, a multifunctional and biocompatible dental scaffold is fabricated by a unique vapor sublimation and deposition polymerization process with the well‐accepted material Parylene, resulting in the construction of a 3D and porous polymer scaffold that accommodates living cells and a combination of growth factor molecules in a single fabrication process, which differentiates the coating formation from a conventional vapor process. Physically, a directional interior structure is constructed to guide dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) attachment and alignment. Biochemically, necessary growth factors, including Wnt‐3a and FGF‐2, are incorporated within the scaffold during fabrication to guide the cell differentiation of odontogenesis. The synergistic effects of the attachment and alignment of DPSCs, as well as the biocompatibility and odontogenic activities of the components accommodated in the scaffold, result in the upregulation of the cell differentiation into odontoblasts, as shown by the morphology of odontoblasts and the expressions of odontogenesis markers. Thus, the reported fabrication technique and its products represent an alternative approach for dentin regeneration in dental caries and tooth decay.

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Vapor‐Phase Synthesis of Poly(para‐xylylene): From Coatings to Porous and Hierarchical Materials

Hu,

Lee,

Ramli

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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Poly(para‐xylylene) (PPX) is a robust and biocompatible coating material that is widely used in various applications, including electronics, aerospace and defense materials, automotive materials, and biomaterials. In this progress report, recent developments in PPX technology ranging from the advancement of physical chemistry properties and structural properties for device integration to the transformation of 3D monolith materials of PPX with controls in outer and inner structures at the micro‐ and nanometer scales are highlighted. Based on emerging chemistry studies on [2.2]paracyclophanes, which are primarily used precursors to synthesize PPX via vapor deposition polymerization, functionalization, and the creation of a wide variety of functional PPX derivatives are demonstrated without resistance. Widely used as an interface coating material, PPX is processed to form integrated structural materials and has already been found to be useful in the market as part of electronic and medical implant products. Using a newly innovated transformation to fabricate PPX through templates (metal‐organic frameworks, liquid crystal, ice crystal), 3D monoliths, nanoscale particles, hierarchical and gradient interior structures, and dynamically transformable shapes at the nanoscale are demonstrated. A vast landscape of novel applications and device products is expected based on the already established R&D and market maturity of PPX.

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Construction and control of 3D porous structure based on vapor deposition on sublimation solids

Cited by 19 publications

References 33 publications

Synergistic and Regulatable Bioremediation Capsules Fabrication Based on Vapor-Phased Encapsulation of Bacillus Bacteria and its Regulator by Poly-p-Xylylene

Synergistic and Regulatable Bioremediation Capsules Fabrication Based on Vapor-Phased Encapsulation of Bacillus Bacteria and its Regulator by Poly-p-Xylylene

Vapor Sublimation and Deposition Polymerization to Fabricate a Directional Scaffold for Guiding Tubular Dentin Regeneration

Vapor‐Phase Synthesis of Poly(para‐xylylene): From Coatings to Porous and Hierarchical Materials

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