Construction and properties of a simple atomizer

Goodings, John M.; Graham, Sheila M.; Megaw, W.J.

doi:10.1016/0021-8502(83)90072-1

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…KCl using a pneumatic atomiser [48], powered by part of the nitrogen en route to the burner. Techniques are available for calibrating the atomiser [49].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of applying electric fields on the mass spectrometric sampling of positive and negative ions from a flame at atmospheric pressure

Hayhurst

Goodings

Taylor

2014

Combustion and Flame

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“…KCl using a pneumatic atomiser [48], powered by part of the nitrogen en route to the burner. Techniques are available for calibrating the atomiser [49].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of applying electric fields on the mass spectrometric sampling of positive and negative ions from a flame at atmospheric pressure

Hayhurst

Goodings

Taylor

2014

Combustion and Flame

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“…In any case, the concentration of aluminum in the flame had to be kept low to avoid the excessive production of solid aluminum oxide (corundum), A1203, which would clog the orifice in the sampling nozzle of the mass spectrometer. Therefore, aluminum was added by spraying a 0.500 molar aqueous solution of AlCl, using a small part of the flame's oxygen supply to operate a tiny atomizer (6). It gave a small concentration of aluminum of 1 x mol fraction in the equilibrium burnt-gas region of the flame.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion chemistry of aluminum and boron in methane–oxygen flames

Crovisier¹,

Horton²,

Hassanali³

et al. 1992

Can. J. Chem.

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The ion chemistry of aluminum and boron, primarily in the + 3 oxidation state, was studied by doping premixed, methane-oxygen flames of both fuel-rich and fuel-lean (oxygen-rich) composition with 1 x lo-' mol fraction of AICI, and 5 X 10-"01 fraction of B(OC2H5),. Ions were observed by sampling the flames at atmospheric pressure through a nozzle into a mass spectrometer. At this low concentration level, aluminum exhibits two cation series: (a) Al0'..nHz0 (n = 2 , 3 ) formed by proton transfer to AlO(0H) and A1(OH)3 in which hydration reactions are involved; and (0) A I + .nH20

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“…Transition metals (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) were introduced by spraying a 0.25 M aqueous solution of the metallic chloride into the premixed flame gas as an aerosol derived from a pneumatic atomizer (8). The atomizer was operated by part of the burner's oxygen supply.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion chemistry of transition metals in hydrocarbon flames. I. Cations of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn

Tran¹,

Karellas²,

Goodings³

1988

Can. J. Chem.

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A fuel-rich, premixed, conical, methane-oxygen flame at 2200 K and atmospheric pressure is doped with approximately 1 ppm of the transition metals Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn. Metallic ions of these metals and their compounds formed by chemical ionization reactions with H 3 0 + are observed by sampling the flame through a nozzle into a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Concentration profiles of individual and total cations are measured as a function of distance along the flame axis, and also mass spectra at a fixed point in the burnt gas. For a given metal A, the mass spectra are dominated by the atomic ion A+ with smaller amounts of the molecular ions AH+, AOH', A(OH)H+, A(oH)~H+, and ACO+ and their hydrates. The spectra for Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu are very similar, but no ions are observed for Zn. The ion chemistry is dominated by proton transfer reactions from H 3 0 + to A and to the metallic compounds AO, AOH, and A(OH)2 which exist in the flame. In addition, A+ can be formed from the reaction of H 3 0 + with A by a charge transfer process. Also, some ions are formed by three-body association and free radical stripping reactions. The chemistry is discussed in detail to explain the relative magnitudes of the ion signals observed. In particular, when the atomic A+ ion is dominant, its concentration can reach a superequilibrium level early in the burnt-gas region before it slowly decays downstream; the phenomenon is similar to the free radical overshoot which occurs in hydrogen flames. [Traduit par la revue] Introduction We recently had occasion to consider the ion chemistry of alkali and alkaline earth metals in a premixed, fuel-rich, CH4-C2H2-O2 flame (I). This arose in the context of soot suppression by metallic additives involving an ionic mechanism (2, 3). We have now extended these studies to include chemical ionization (CI) processes for the first row of ten transition metals, Sc to Zn (atomic numbers 2 1-30). The last five including Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn are described here; the first five including Sc, Ti, V, Cr, and Mn present some different features, and are the subject of a second paper.A premixed, fuel-rich, CH4-O2 flame doped with metallic additive is sampled into a mass spectrometer to ascertain what metallic cations are present and where in the flame they occur. The interest in the problem stems from the considerable variety of oxidation states known for these metals, and the bond formation and structural configurations which they may exhibit at high temperature.Basically two mass-spectrometric flame studies involving cations of some of these transition metals have appeared in the past. In hydrogen flames, Hayhurst and Telford (4) observed ions for Cr, Mn, Fe, and Cu, and also other metals, in the course of measuring rate constants attributed to the charge transfer reaction

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Construction and properties of a simple atomizer

Cited by 24 publications

References 4 publications

The effects of applying electric fields on the mass spectrometric sampling of positive and negative ions from a flame at atmospheric pressure

The effects of applying electric fields on the mass spectrometric sampling of positive and negative ions from a flame at atmospheric pressure

Ion chemistry of aluminum and boron in methane–oxygen flames

Ion chemistry of transition metals in hydrocarbon flames. I. Cations of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn

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