Construction and summary of the geologic time scale

Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G.

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511536045.024

Cited by 298 publications

(489 citation statements)

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“…Down-core studies of several marine microfossil groups, high-latitude vegetation data and evidence of higher-than-present sea level suggested that this was the most recent interval in which consistent and significant warmer-than-present conditions existed in the geological past (Dowsett et al 1994). With the addition of the geomagnetic polarity time scale of Berggren et al (1995), the astronomically tuned time scale of Lourens et al (1996) and abundant data indicating warmer-than-present conditions on a global scale, the PRISM interval chronology was recalibrated to 3.29-2.97 Ma (time scale of Gradstein et al 2004; figure 1).…”

Section: Reconstruction Methods and Chronologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface temperatures of the Mid-Pliocene North Atlantic Ocean: implications for future climate

Dowsett

Chandler

Robinson

2008

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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The Mid-Pliocene is the most recent interval in the Earth's history to have experienced warming of the magnitude predicted for the second half of the twenty-first century and is, therefore, a possible analogue for future climate conditions. With continents basically in their current positions and atmospheric CO 2 similar to early twenty-first century values, the cause of Mid-Pliocene warmth remains elusive. Understanding the behaviour of the North Atlantic Ocean during the Mid-Pliocene is integral to evaluating future climate scenarios owing to its role in deep water formation and its sensitivity to climate change. Under the framework of the Pliocene Research, Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping (PRISM) sea surface reconstruction, we synthesize Mid-Pliocene North Atlantic studies by PRISM members and others, describing each region of the North Atlantic in terms of palaeoceanography. We then relate Mid-Pliocene sea surface conditions to expectations of future warming. The results of the data and climate model comparisons suggest that the North Atlantic is more sensitive to climate change than is suggested by climate model simulations, raising the concern that estimates of future climate change are conservative.

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Section: Reconstruction Methods and Chronologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface temperatures of the Mid-Pliocene North Atlantic Ocean: implications for future climate

Dowsett

Chandler

Robinson

2008

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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“…While largely being characterized by pelagic sedimentation, turbidity flows and reworking by contour currents were common during the early and middle Miocene at this site [Milkert et al, 1996]. The latter processes might have caused some mixing of sediments, which may also account for discrepancies noted for the planktonic foraminifera [Gervais, 1996] and calcareous nannoplankton zonations [de Kaenel and Villa, 1996] relative to the absolute age given by Gradstein et al [2004] (Table 1e and Figure 2b). Nevertheless, oxygen isotope compositions of foraminifera [Mühlstrasser, 2002] are compatible with early to middle Miocene climatic changes.…”

Section: Odp Site 900mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Several seaways opened and closed between the Mediterranean and the Paratethys during the See also Tables 1a-1e for further details. The stages and planktonic foraminifera zones are after Gradstein et al [2004] and Rögl [1998]. The different marks for the sampled layers indicate those where both fossils and sediments (crosses), only fossils (horizontal dashes), or only sediments (vertical dashes) were involved in the isotope measurements.…”

Section: Mediterraneanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oceanographic and climatic evolution of the Miocene Mediterranean deduced from Nd, Sr, C, and O isotope compositions of marine fossils and sediments

et al. 2008

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[1] Isotopic compositions of marine sediments and fossils have been investigated from northern basins of the Mediterranean to help constrain local oceanographic and climatic changes adjacent to the uplifting Alps. Stable C and O isotope compositions of benthic and planktonic foraminifera from the Umbria-Marche region (UMC) have an offset characteristic for their habitats and the changes in composition mimic global changes, suggesting that the regional conditions of climate and the carbon cycle were controlled by global changes. The radiogenic isotope composition of these fossil assemblages allows recognition of three distinct periods. In the first period, from 25 to 19 Ma, high e Nd values and low 87 Sr/ 86 Sr of sediments and fossils support intense tectonism and volcanism, related to the opening of the western Mediterranean. In the second period, from 19 to 13 Ma the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio of Mediterranean (UMC) deviate from the global ocean, which is compatible with rapid uplift of the hinterland and intense influx of Sr from Mesozoic carbonates of the western Apennines. This local control on the seawater was driven by a humid and warm climate and indicates restricted exchange of water with the global ocean. Generally, the e Nd values of the fossils are very similar to those of Indian Ocean water, with brief periods of a decrease in the e Nd values coinciding with volcanic events and maybe sea level variation at 15.2 Ma. In the third period, from 13 to 10 Ma the fossils have 87 Sr/ 86 Sr similar to those of Miocene seawater while their e Nd values change considerably with time. This indicates fluctuating influence of the Atlantic versus the Paratethys and/or locally evolved seawater in the Mediterranean driven by global sea level changes. Other investigated localities near the Alps and from the ODP 900 site are compatible with this oceanographic interpretation. However, in the late early Miocene, enhanced local control, reflecting erosion of old crustal silicate rocks near the Alps, results in higher 87 Sr/ 86 Sr.Citation: Kocsis, L., T.

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“…For example the model has a feature 'GeologicEvent' described by the three properties eventAge, eventEnvironment and eventProcess. The eventAge property can be encoded using values from the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) stratigraphic time chart, produced from the geologic time scale (Gradstein et al, 2004). This is an example of an internationally agreed set of concept definitions, and has been implemented in GeoSciML.…”

Section: Geosciml Is Useful Even Without Full Semantic Interoperabilimentioning

confidence: 99%

Geological applications using geospatial standards – an example from OneGeology-Europe and GeoSciML

Laxton

Serrano

Tellez-Arenas

2010

International Journal of Digital Earth

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GeoSciML has been developed to enable the interchange of geoscience information, principally that portrayed on geological maps as well as boreholes. A GeoSciML testbed was developed both to test the implementation of the data model and its application in web services. The OneGeology-Europe project aims to use the GeoSciML data model, and build on the experience of the GeoSciML testbed, in implementing a geoportal for a harmonised geological map of Europe at 1:1 million scale. This involves the integration of web services from twenty participating organisations. An important objective of OneGeology-Europe is to contribute to INSPIRE, both through the development of a geological data specification and the use of the INSPIRE technical architecture. GeoSciML and the OneGeology-Europe project are also steps towards incorporating geoscience data into a Digital Earth. Both the development of GeoSciML, and the implementation of web services for GeoSciML and OneGeology-Europe, have followed a standards based methodology. The technical architecture comprises a geoportal providing access to a CSW catalogue service for metadata describing both the data and services available. OneGeology-Europe will provide both WMS view and WFS download services, which aim to be compliant with the INSPIRE implementing rules.

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Construction and summary of the geologic time scale

Cited by 298 publications

References 0 publications

Surface temperatures of the Mid-Pliocene North Atlantic Ocean: implications for future climate

Surface temperatures of the Mid-Pliocene North Atlantic Ocean: implications for future climate

Oceanographic and climatic evolution of the Miocene Mediterranean deduced from Nd, Sr, C, and O isotope compositions of marine fossils and sediments

Geological applications using geospatial standards – an example from OneGeology-Europe and GeoSciML

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